Identification of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol as an Antifungal Metabolite Produced by Cutaneous Bacteria of the Salamander Plethodon cinereus
Beneficial bacteria that live on salamander skins have the ability to inhibit pathogenic fungi. Our study aimed to identify the specific chemical agent(s) of this process and asked if any of the antifungal compounds known to operate in analogous plant-bacteria-fungi systems were present. Crude extra...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of chemical ecology 2008-01, Vol.34 (1), p.39-43 |
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| creator | Brucker, Robert M Baylor, Cambria M Walters, Robert L Lauer, Antje Harris, Reid N Minbiole, Kevin P. C |
| description | Beneficial bacteria that live on salamander skins have the ability to inhibit pathogenic fungi. Our study aimed to identify the specific chemical agent(s) of this process and asked if any of the antifungal compounds known to operate in analogous plant-bacteria-fungi systems were present. Crude extracts of bacteria isolated from salamander skin were exposed to HPLC, UV-Vis, GC-MS, and HR-MS analyses. These investigations show that 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol is produced by the bacteria isolate Lysobacter gummosus (AB161361), which was found on the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus. Furthermore, exposure of the amphibian fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (isolate JEL 215), to different concentrations of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol resulted in an IC₅₀ value of 8.73 μM, comparable to crude extract concentrations. This study is the first to show that an epibiotic bacterium on an amphibian species produces a chemical that inhibits pathogenic fungi. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s10886-007-9352-8 |
| format | Article |
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C</creator><creatorcontrib>Brucker, Robert M ; Baylor, Cambria M ; Walters, Robert L ; Lauer, Antje ; Harris, Reid N ; Minbiole, Kevin P. C</creatorcontrib><description>Beneficial bacteria that live on salamander skins have the ability to inhibit pathogenic fungi. Our study aimed to identify the specific chemical agent(s) of this process and asked if any of the antifungal compounds known to operate in analogous plant-bacteria-fungi systems were present. Crude extracts of bacteria isolated from salamander skin were exposed to HPLC, UV-Vis, GC-MS, and HR-MS analyses. These investigations show that 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol is produced by the bacteria isolate Lysobacter gummosus (AB161361), which was found on the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus. Furthermore, exposure of the amphibian fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (isolate JEL 215), to different concentrations of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol resulted in an IC₅₀ value of 8.73 μM, comparable to crude extract concentrations. This study is the first to show that an epibiotic bacterium on an amphibian species produces a chemical that inhibits pathogenic fungi.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0098-0331</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1573-1561</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s10886-007-9352-8</identifier><identifier>PMID: 18058176</identifier><identifier>CODEN: JCECD8</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: New York : Springer-Verlag</publisher><subject>Agriculture ; Animal and plant ecology ; animal pathogenic fungi ; Animal, plant and microbial ecology ; Animals ; Antifungal Agents - analysis ; Antifungal Agents - metabolism ; Antifungal Agents - pharmacology ; antifungal properties ; Autoecology ; Bacteria ; Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ; Biochemistry ; Biological and medical sciences ; Biological Microscopy ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Caudata ; Chemical ecology ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chytridiales ; Chytridiomycota - drug effects ; Chytridiomycota - growth & development ; Complex Mixtures - analysis ; Ecology ; Entomology ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Fungi ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; inhibitory concentration 50 ; Life Sciences ; Liquid chromatography ; Lysobacter ; Lysobacter - isolation & purification ; Lysobacter - metabolism ; Lysobacter gummosus ; Metabolites ; mutualism ; Pathology ; Phloroglucinol - analogs & derivatives ; Phloroglucinol - analysis ; Phloroglucinol - metabolism ; Phloroglucinol - pharmacology ; Plethodon cinereus ; Reptiles & amphibians ; Reptilia. 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C</creatorcontrib><title>Identification of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol as an Antifungal Metabolite Produced by Cutaneous Bacteria of the Salamander Plethodon cinereus</title><title>Journal of chemical ecology</title><addtitle>J Chem Ecol</addtitle><addtitle>J Chem Ecol</addtitle><description>Beneficial bacteria that live on salamander skins have the ability to inhibit pathogenic fungi. Our study aimed to identify the specific chemical agent(s) of this process and asked if any of the antifungal compounds known to operate in analogous plant-bacteria-fungi systems were present. Crude extracts of bacteria isolated from salamander skin were exposed to HPLC, UV-Vis, GC-MS, and HR-MS analyses. These investigations show that 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol is produced by the bacteria isolate Lysobacter gummosus (AB161361), which was found on the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus. Furthermore, exposure of the amphibian fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (isolate JEL 215), to different concentrations of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol resulted in an IC₅₀ value of 8.73 μM, comparable to crude extract concentrations. This study is the first to show that an epibiotic bacterium on an amphibian species produces a chemical that inhibits pathogenic fungi.</description><subject>Agriculture</subject><subject>Animal and plant ecology</subject><subject>animal pathogenic fungi</subject><subject>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antifungal Agents - analysis</subject><subject>Antifungal Agents - metabolism</subject><subject>Antifungal Agents - pharmacology</subject><subject>antifungal properties</subject><subject>Autoecology</subject><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</subject><subject>Biochemistry</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Biological Microscopy</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Caudata</subject><subject>Chemical ecology</subject><subject>Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid</subject><subject>Chytridiales</subject><subject>Chytridiomycota - drug effects</subject><subject>Chytridiomycota - growth & development</subject><subject>Complex Mixtures - analysis</subject><subject>Ecology</subject><subject>Entomology</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Fungi</subject><subject>Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry</subject><subject>inhibitory concentration 50</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Liquid chromatography</subject><subject>Lysobacter</subject><subject>Lysobacter - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Lysobacter - metabolism</subject><subject>Lysobacter gummosus</subject><subject>Metabolites</subject><subject>mutualism</subject><subject>Pathology</subject><subject>Phloroglucinol - analogs & derivatives</subject><subject>Phloroglucinol - analysis</subject><subject>Phloroglucinol - metabolism</subject><subject>Phloroglucinol - pharmacology</subject><subject>Plethodon cinereus</subject><subject>Reptiles & amphibians</subject><subject>Reptilia. Amphibia</subject><subject>salamanders and newts</subject><subject>skin</subject><subject>Skin - microbiology</subject><subject>Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization</subject><subject>Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet</subject><subject>Urodela - metabolism</subject><subject>Urodela - microbiology</subject><subject>Vertebrata</subject><issn>0098-0331</issn><issn>1573-1561</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2008</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkc1u1DAUhSMEokPhAdiAhQQrAvfacewsy4ifSkVUKl1HjnMzk8oTT21nMe_AQ-NoRlRiASsf2d8991inKF4ifEAA9TEiaF2XWZaNkLzUj4oVSiVKlDU-LlYAjS5BCDwrnsV4BwC81vJpcYYapEZVr4pflz1NaRxGa9LoJ-YHxt9XZT8aS-ng9lvng9-42Y6Td8xEZiZ2sQzM08Y49p2S6bwbE7Hr4PvZUs-6A1vPyUzk58g-GZsojGYxTltiN8aZnZl6CuzaUdr6Pi_N5hRojs-LJ4NxkV6czvPi9svnn-tv5dWPr5fri6vSSg6pVEYrjSCxG6CRCCSGjnSftQAUshJ2oKrurFWoSHEUDTSd7GqS-WaotDgv3h1998HfzxRTuxujJeeOoVsFXHApxH9BDiA4r-oMvvkLvPNzmPInWo7IUYGoMoRHyAYfY6Ch3YdxZ8KhRWiXQttjoe0il0LbJeqrk_Hc7ah_mDg1mIG3J8BEa9wQzGTH-IfjgNgI0WSOH7mYn6YNhYeE_9r--jg0GN-aTcjGtzfZUgDoqlEViN9-8MGK</recordid><startdate>20080101</startdate><enddate>20080101</enddate><creator>Brucker, Robert M</creator><creator>Baylor, Cambria M</creator><creator>Walters, Robert L</creator><creator>Lauer, Antje</creator><creator>Harris, Reid N</creator><creator>Minbiole, Kevin P. 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Psychology</topic><topic>Fungi</topic><topic>Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry</topic><topic>inhibitory concentration 50</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>Liquid chromatography</topic><topic>Lysobacter</topic><topic>Lysobacter - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Lysobacter - metabolism</topic><topic>Lysobacter gummosus</topic><topic>Metabolites</topic><topic>mutualism</topic><topic>Pathology</topic><topic>Phloroglucinol - analogs & derivatives</topic><topic>Phloroglucinol - analysis</topic><topic>Phloroglucinol - metabolism</topic><topic>Phloroglucinol - pharmacology</topic><topic>Plethodon cinereus</topic><topic>Reptiles & amphibians</topic><topic>Reptilia. Amphibia</topic><topic>salamanders and newts</topic><topic>skin</topic><topic>Skin - microbiology</topic><topic>Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization</topic><topic>Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet</topic><topic>Urodela - metabolism</topic><topic>Urodela - microbiology</topic><topic>Vertebrata</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Brucker, Robert M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Baylor, Cambria M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Walters, Robert L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lauer, Antje</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Harris, Reid N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Minbiole, Kevin P. 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C</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Identification of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol as an Antifungal Metabolite Produced by Cutaneous Bacteria of the Salamander Plethodon cinereus</atitle><jtitle>Journal of chemical ecology</jtitle><stitle>J Chem Ecol</stitle><addtitle>J Chem Ecol</addtitle><date>2008-01-01</date><risdate>2008</risdate><volume>34</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>39</spage><epage>43</epage><pages>39-43</pages><issn>0098-0331</issn><eissn>1573-1561</eissn><coden>JCECD8</coden><abstract>Beneficial bacteria that live on salamander skins have the ability to inhibit pathogenic fungi. Our study aimed to identify the specific chemical agent(s) of this process and asked if any of the antifungal compounds known to operate in analogous plant-bacteria-fungi systems were present. Crude extracts of bacteria isolated from salamander skin were exposed to HPLC, UV-Vis, GC-MS, and HR-MS analyses. These investigations show that 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol is produced by the bacteria isolate Lysobacter gummosus (AB161361), which was found on the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus. Furthermore, exposure of the amphibian fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (isolate JEL 215), to different concentrations of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol resulted in an IC₅₀ value of 8.73 μM, comparable to crude extract concentrations. This study is the first to show that an epibiotic bacterium on an amphibian species produces a chemical that inhibits pathogenic fungi.</abstract><cop>New York</cop><pub>New York : Springer-Verlag</pub><pmid>18058176</pmid><doi>10.1007/s10886-007-9352-8</doi><tpages>5</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Agriculture Animal and plant ecology animal pathogenic fungi Animal, plant and microbial ecology Animals Antifungal Agents - analysis Antifungal Agents - metabolism Antifungal Agents - pharmacology antifungal properties Autoecology Bacteria Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Biochemistry Biological and medical sciences Biological Microscopy Biomedical and Life Sciences Caudata Chemical ecology Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Chytridiales Chytridiomycota - drug effects Chytridiomycota - growth & development Complex Mixtures - analysis Ecology Entomology Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Fungi Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry inhibitory concentration 50 Life Sciences Liquid chromatography Lysobacter Lysobacter - isolation & purification Lysobacter - metabolism Lysobacter gummosus Metabolites mutualism Pathology Phloroglucinol - analogs & derivatives Phloroglucinol - analysis Phloroglucinol - metabolism Phloroglucinol - pharmacology Plethodon cinereus Reptiles & amphibians Reptilia. Amphibia salamanders and newts skin Skin - microbiology Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet Urodela - metabolism Urodela - microbiology Vertebrata |
| title | Identification of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol as an Antifungal Metabolite Produced by Cutaneous Bacteria of the Salamander Plethodon cinereus |
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