Reduced Growth Hormone Receptor (GHR) Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Liver of Periparturient Cattle Is Caused by a Specific Down-Regulation of GHR 1A That Is Associated with Decreased Insulin-Like Growth Factor I
Abstract GH receptor (GHR) messenger RNA (mRNA) is transcribed from at least three different promoters within the liver of cattle. The first promoter (P1) is liver specific and alternatively splices exon 1A onto the GHR mRNA (GHR 1A mRNA). The second and third promoters (P2 and P3) have constitutive...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Endocrinology (Philadelphia) 1999-09, Vol.140 (9), p.3947-3954 |
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| creator | Kobayashi, Y. Boyd, C. K. Bracken, C. J. Lamberson, W. R. Keisler, D. H. Lucy, M. C. |
| description | Abstract
GH receptor (GHR) messenger RNA (mRNA) is transcribed from at least three different promoters within the liver of cattle. The first promoter (P1) is liver specific and alternatively splices exon 1A onto the GHR mRNA (GHR 1A mRNA). The second and third promoters (P2 and P3) have constitutive activity in many tissues and alternatively splice exons 1B and 1C onto the GHR mRNA (GHR 1B and GHR 1C mRNA). The total amount of GHR in the liver partially determines liver insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) synthesis in response to GH. Two studies were conducted to characterize the changes in GHR 1A mRNA, alternatively spliced GHR mRNA, and IGF-I mRNA during late pregnancy and early lactation in dairy cattle. Liver RNA was isolated from pregnant Holstein cattle (Bos taurus) on days −14, 0, and 21 relative to parturition (study 1) or days −14, 0, 15, 30, 60, and 90 relative to parturition (study 2). Ribonuclease protection assays were used to quantify total GHR (all GHR variants) as well as liver-specific GHR 1A and alternatively spliced GHR mRNA. Likewise, total IGF-I as well as alternatively spliced IGF-I mRNA (class 1 and class 2 transcripts) were measured. A decrease in total GHR mRNA at parturition (P < 0.01) was associated with a specific decrease in GHR 1A mRNA (P < 0.001). The amount of alternatively spliced GHR mRNA (including GHR 1B and GHR 1C mRNA) did not change at parturition (P > 0.10). Total liver IGF-I mRNA and blood IGF-I concentrations were also decreased at parturition (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). However, a decrease in IGF-I mRNA was observed for both class 1 and class 2 IGF-I transcripts (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). We conclude that the reduced amount of GHR mRNA during early lactation is caused by a specific down-regulation of GHR 1A mRNA that was associated with decreased liver IGF-I mRNA and decreased blood IGF-I concentrations. These data provide evidence for independent regulation of GHR mRNA by mechanisms that discriminate between GHR P1 (transcribes GHR 1A) and alternative promoters that transcribe constitutive GHR mRNA. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1210/endo.140.9.7000 |
| format | Article |
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GH receptor (GHR) messenger RNA (mRNA) is transcribed from at least three different promoters within the liver of cattle. The first promoter (P1) is liver specific and alternatively splices exon 1A onto the GHR mRNA (GHR 1A mRNA). The second and third promoters (P2 and P3) have constitutive activity in many tissues and alternatively splice exons 1B and 1C onto the GHR mRNA (GHR 1B and GHR 1C mRNA). The total amount of GHR in the liver partially determines liver insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) synthesis in response to GH. Two studies were conducted to characterize the changes in GHR 1A mRNA, alternatively spliced GHR mRNA, and IGF-I mRNA during late pregnancy and early lactation in dairy cattle. Liver RNA was isolated from pregnant Holstein cattle (Bos taurus) on days −14, 0, and 21 relative to parturition (study 1) or days −14, 0, 15, 30, 60, and 90 relative to parturition (study 2). Ribonuclease protection assays were used to quantify total GHR (all GHR variants) as well as liver-specific GHR 1A and alternatively spliced GHR mRNA. Likewise, total IGF-I as well as alternatively spliced IGF-I mRNA (class 1 and class 2 transcripts) were measured. A decrease in total GHR mRNA at parturition (P < 0.01) was associated with a specific decrease in GHR 1A mRNA (P < 0.001). The amount of alternatively spliced GHR mRNA (including GHR 1B and GHR 1C mRNA) did not change at parturition (P > 0.10). Total liver IGF-I mRNA and blood IGF-I concentrations were also decreased at parturition (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). However, a decrease in IGF-I mRNA was observed for both class 1 and class 2 IGF-I transcripts (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). We conclude that the reduced amount of GHR mRNA during early lactation is caused by a specific down-regulation of GHR 1A mRNA that was associated with decreased liver IGF-I mRNA and decreased blood IGF-I concentrations. These data provide evidence for independent regulation of GHR mRNA by mechanisms that discriminate between GHR P1 (transcribes GHR 1A) and alternative promoters that transcribe constitutive GHR mRNA.]]></description><identifier>ISSN: 0013-7227</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1945-7170</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1210/endo.140.9.7000</identifier><identifier>PMID: 10465263</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Oxford University Press</publisher><subject>Alternative splicing ; Animal lactation ; Animals ; Blood ; Breastfeeding & lactation ; Cattle ; Cattle - metabolism ; Dairy cattle ; Down-regulation ; Down-Regulation - physiology ; Exons ; Female ; Growth factors ; Growth hormones ; Insulin ; Insulin-like growth factor I ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I - genetics ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I - metabolism ; Insulin-like growth factors ; Labor, Obstetric - blood ; Labor, Obstetric - metabolism ; Lactation ; Liver ; Liver - metabolism ; Parturition ; Postpartum Period - blood ; Postpartum Period - metabolism ; Pregnancy ; Promoters ; Receptors ; Receptors, Somatotropin - genetics ; Ribonucleic acid ; RNA ; RNA, Messenger - metabolism ; Transcription</subject><ispartof>Endocrinology (Philadelphia), 1999-09, Vol.140 (9), p.3947-3954</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 1999 by The Endocrine Society 1999</rights><rights>Copyright © 1999 by The Endocrine Society</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3120-15b6c1dacc90d3ac7177fe03018d2b224656da3a7d5ad6c03ed09f5adcd2bfa3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3120-15b6c1dacc90d3ac7177fe03018d2b224656da3a7d5ad6c03ed09f5adcd2bfa3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10465263$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Kobayashi, Y.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boyd, C. K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bracken, C. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lamberson, W. R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Keisler, D. H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lucy, M. C.</creatorcontrib><title>Reduced Growth Hormone Receptor (GHR) Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Liver of Periparturient Cattle Is Caused by a Specific Down-Regulation of GHR 1A That Is Associated with Decreased Insulin-Like Growth Factor I</title><title>Endocrinology (Philadelphia)</title><addtitle>Endocrinology</addtitle><description><![CDATA[Abstract
GH receptor (GHR) messenger RNA (mRNA) is transcribed from at least three different promoters within the liver of cattle. The first promoter (P1) is liver specific and alternatively splices exon 1A onto the GHR mRNA (GHR 1A mRNA). The second and third promoters (P2 and P3) have constitutive activity in many tissues and alternatively splice exons 1B and 1C onto the GHR mRNA (GHR 1B and GHR 1C mRNA). The total amount of GHR in the liver partially determines liver insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) synthesis in response to GH. Two studies were conducted to characterize the changes in GHR 1A mRNA, alternatively spliced GHR mRNA, and IGF-I mRNA during late pregnancy and early lactation in dairy cattle. Liver RNA was isolated from pregnant Holstein cattle (Bos taurus) on days −14, 0, and 21 relative to parturition (study 1) or days −14, 0, 15, 30, 60, and 90 relative to parturition (study 2). Ribonuclease protection assays were used to quantify total GHR (all GHR variants) as well as liver-specific GHR 1A and alternatively spliced GHR mRNA. Likewise, total IGF-I as well as alternatively spliced IGF-I mRNA (class 1 and class 2 transcripts) were measured. A decrease in total GHR mRNA at parturition (P < 0.01) was associated with a specific decrease in GHR 1A mRNA (P < 0.001). The amount of alternatively spliced GHR mRNA (including GHR 1B and GHR 1C mRNA) did not change at parturition (P > 0.10). Total liver IGF-I mRNA and blood IGF-I concentrations were also decreased at parturition (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). However, a decrease in IGF-I mRNA was observed for both class 1 and class 2 IGF-I transcripts (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). We conclude that the reduced amount of GHR mRNA during early lactation is caused by a specific down-regulation of GHR 1A mRNA that was associated with decreased liver IGF-I mRNA and decreased blood IGF-I concentrations. These data provide evidence for independent regulation of GHR mRNA by mechanisms that discriminate between GHR P1 (transcribes GHR 1A) and alternative promoters that transcribe constitutive GHR mRNA.]]></description><subject>Alternative splicing</subject><subject>Animal lactation</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Blood</subject><subject>Breastfeeding & lactation</subject><subject>Cattle</subject><subject>Cattle - metabolism</subject><subject>Dairy cattle</subject><subject>Down-regulation</subject><subject>Down-Regulation - physiology</subject><subject>Exons</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Growth factors</subject><subject>Growth hormones</subject><subject>Insulin</subject><subject>Insulin-like growth factor I</subject><subject>Insulin-Like Growth Factor I - genetics</subject><subject>Insulin-Like Growth Factor I - metabolism</subject><subject>Insulin-like growth factors</subject><subject>Labor, Obstetric - blood</subject><subject>Labor, Obstetric - metabolism</subject><subject>Lactation</subject><subject>Liver</subject><subject>Liver - metabolism</subject><subject>Parturition</subject><subject>Postpartum Period - blood</subject><subject>Postpartum Period - metabolism</subject><subject>Pregnancy</subject><subject>Promoters</subject><subject>Receptors</subject><subject>Receptors, Somatotropin - genetics</subject><subject>Ribonucleic acid</subject><subject>RNA</subject><subject>RNA, Messenger - metabolism</subject><subject>Transcription</subject><issn>0013-7227</issn><issn>1945-7170</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1999</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFUU1vEzEQXSEQDYUzN2QJCQHSpuP1frDHKG2TSEGgJXfLsWdbl4299QdRf2f_EF6lSIgLvnhG896bp3lZ9pbCnBYULtAoO6clzNt5AwDPshltyypvaAPPsxkAZXlTFM1Z9sr7u9SWZcleZmcUyroqajbLHjtUUaIiK2eP4ZasrTtYg6RDiWOwjnxcrbtP5Ct6j-YGHen03pooB9SSLKRWRBuy1b_SxPbkOzo9Chei02gCWYoQBiQbn6ro05L9AxHkx4hS94l-aY8m7_AmDiJoayaBtIzQBdndijDRFt5bqUVI1KNO7i5ROhST0sb4OGiTb_VP_OP9WsjJ8eZ19qIXg8c3T_95tru-2i3X-fbbarNcbHPJaAE5rfa1pEpI2YJiQqajNT0CA_pFFfuiSCeqlWCiUZVQtQSGCto-1TKNe8HOsw8n2dHZ-4g-8IP2EodBGLTR87pNr2ohAd__A7yz0ZlkjTPKoCoYsDahLk4o6az3Dns-On0Q7oFT4FPYfAqbp7B5y6ewE-Pdk27cH1D9hT-lmwCfTwAbx_-q_QYFl7SA</recordid><startdate>199909</startdate><enddate>199909</enddate><creator>Kobayashi, Y.</creator><creator>Boyd, C. K.</creator><creator>Bracken, C. J.</creator><creator>Lamberson, W. R.</creator><creator>Keisler, D. H.</creator><creator>Lucy, M. C.</creator><general>Oxford University Press</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7TO</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>199909</creationdate><title>Reduced Growth Hormone Receptor (GHR) Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Liver of Periparturient Cattle Is Caused by a Specific Down-Regulation of GHR 1A That Is Associated with Decreased Insulin-Like Growth Factor I</title><author>Kobayashi, Y. ; Boyd, C. K. ; Bracken, C. J. ; Lamberson, W. R. ; Keisler, D. H. ; Lucy, M. C.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3120-15b6c1dacc90d3ac7177fe03018d2b224656da3a7d5ad6c03ed09f5adcd2bfa3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1999</creationdate><topic>Alternative splicing</topic><topic>Animal lactation</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Blood</topic><topic>Breastfeeding & lactation</topic><topic>Cattle</topic><topic>Cattle - metabolism</topic><topic>Dairy cattle</topic><topic>Down-regulation</topic><topic>Down-Regulation - physiology</topic><topic>Exons</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Growth factors</topic><topic>Growth hormones</topic><topic>Insulin</topic><topic>Insulin-like growth factor I</topic><topic>Insulin-Like Growth Factor I - genetics</topic><topic>Insulin-Like Growth Factor I - metabolism</topic><topic>Insulin-like growth factors</topic><topic>Labor, Obstetric - blood</topic><topic>Labor, Obstetric - metabolism</topic><topic>Lactation</topic><topic>Liver</topic><topic>Liver - metabolism</topic><topic>Parturition</topic><topic>Postpartum Period - blood</topic><topic>Postpartum Period - metabolism</topic><topic>Pregnancy</topic><topic>Promoters</topic><topic>Receptors</topic><topic>Receptors, Somatotropin - genetics</topic><topic>Ribonucleic acid</topic><topic>RNA</topic><topic>RNA, Messenger - metabolism</topic><topic>Transcription</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Kobayashi, Y.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boyd, C. K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bracken, C. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lamberson, W. R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Keisler, D. H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lucy, M. C.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Oncogenes and Growth Factors Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Endocrinology (Philadelphia)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Kobayashi, Y.</au><au>Boyd, C. K.</au><au>Bracken, C. J.</au><au>Lamberson, W. R.</au><au>Keisler, D. H.</au><au>Lucy, M. C.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Reduced Growth Hormone Receptor (GHR) Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Liver of Periparturient Cattle Is Caused by a Specific Down-Regulation of GHR 1A That Is Associated with Decreased Insulin-Like Growth Factor I</atitle><jtitle>Endocrinology (Philadelphia)</jtitle><addtitle>Endocrinology</addtitle><date>1999-09</date><risdate>1999</risdate><volume>140</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>3947</spage><epage>3954</epage><pages>3947-3954</pages><issn>0013-7227</issn><eissn>1945-7170</eissn><abstract><![CDATA[Abstract
GH receptor (GHR) messenger RNA (mRNA) is transcribed from at least three different promoters within the liver of cattle. The first promoter (P1) is liver specific and alternatively splices exon 1A onto the GHR mRNA (GHR 1A mRNA). The second and third promoters (P2 and P3) have constitutive activity in many tissues and alternatively splice exons 1B and 1C onto the GHR mRNA (GHR 1B and GHR 1C mRNA). The total amount of GHR in the liver partially determines liver insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) synthesis in response to GH. Two studies were conducted to characterize the changes in GHR 1A mRNA, alternatively spliced GHR mRNA, and IGF-I mRNA during late pregnancy and early lactation in dairy cattle. Liver RNA was isolated from pregnant Holstein cattle (Bos taurus) on days −14, 0, and 21 relative to parturition (study 1) or days −14, 0, 15, 30, 60, and 90 relative to parturition (study 2). Ribonuclease protection assays were used to quantify total GHR (all GHR variants) as well as liver-specific GHR 1A and alternatively spliced GHR mRNA. Likewise, total IGF-I as well as alternatively spliced IGF-I mRNA (class 1 and class 2 transcripts) were measured. A decrease in total GHR mRNA at parturition (P < 0.01) was associated with a specific decrease in GHR 1A mRNA (P < 0.001). The amount of alternatively spliced GHR mRNA (including GHR 1B and GHR 1C mRNA) did not change at parturition (P > 0.10). Total liver IGF-I mRNA and blood IGF-I concentrations were also decreased at parturition (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). However, a decrease in IGF-I mRNA was observed for both class 1 and class 2 IGF-I transcripts (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). We conclude that the reduced amount of GHR mRNA during early lactation is caused by a specific down-regulation of GHR 1A mRNA that was associated with decreased liver IGF-I mRNA and decreased blood IGF-I concentrations. These data provide evidence for independent regulation of GHR mRNA by mechanisms that discriminate between GHR P1 (transcribes GHR 1A) and alternative promoters that transcribe constitutive GHR mRNA.]]></abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Oxford University Press</pub><pmid>10465263</pmid><doi>10.1210/endo.140.9.7000</doi><tpages>8</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Endocrinology (Philadelphia), 1999-09, Vol.140 (9), p.3947-3954 |
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| source | Oxford University Press Journals All Titles (1996-Current); MEDLINE; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals |
| subjects | Alternative splicing Animal lactation Animals Blood Breastfeeding & lactation Cattle Cattle - metabolism Dairy cattle Down-regulation Down-Regulation - physiology Exons Female Growth factors Growth hormones Insulin Insulin-like growth factor I Insulin-Like Growth Factor I - genetics Insulin-Like Growth Factor I - metabolism Insulin-like growth factors Labor, Obstetric - blood Labor, Obstetric - metabolism Lactation Liver Liver - metabolism Parturition Postpartum Period - blood Postpartum Period - metabolism Pregnancy Promoters Receptors Receptors, Somatotropin - genetics Ribonucleic acid RNA RNA, Messenger - metabolism Transcription |
| title | Reduced Growth Hormone Receptor (GHR) Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Liver of Periparturient Cattle Is Caused by a Specific Down-Regulation of GHR 1A That Is Associated with Decreased Insulin-Like Growth Factor I |
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