Active responses decrease impact forces at the hip and shoulder in falls to the side
Active responses, such as using the arm to break the fall, may be an effective means of decreasing likelihood of injury in a fall and may help explain why only a small percentage of falls result in a fracture. We quantified the impact force at the hip and shoulder in falls to the side from a kneelin...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of biomechanics 1999-09, Vol.32 (9), p.993-998 |
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| container_title | Journal of biomechanics |
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| creator | Sabick, M.B. Hay, J.G. Goel, V.K. Banks, S.A. |
| description | Active responses, such as using the arm to break the fall, may be an effective means of decreasing likelihood of injury in a fall and may help explain why only a small percentage of falls result in a fracture. We quantified the impact force at the hip and shoulder in falls to the side from a kneeling position under three conditions: (1) attempting to break the fall by using an arm; (2) falling with the body relaxed; and (3) falling with the body tensed. Subjects fell from a kneeling position onto a force platform array covered with foam padding and impact force data were recorded. The ground reaction force–time curve was generally bimodal due to sequential impacts of the hip and shoulder. Impact forces at the hip and shoulder were 12 and 16% less for the slap condition (
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| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/S0021-9290(99)00079-2 |
| format | Article |
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p<0.05) than for the tensed condition. The impact forces for the relaxed and tensed conditions were not significantly different, although impact forces tended to be less in the relaxed condition. We concluded that active responses reduce the impact forces experienced at the hip and shoulder in falls to the side. Decreased effectiveness of protective responses, due to increases in reaction time and decreases in strength with age, may help explain why so many hip fractures occur in the elderly but so few occur in younger people.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0021-9290</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-2380</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9290(99)00079-2</identifier><identifier>PMID: 10460138</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Accidental Falls ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aging - physiology ; Arm - physiology ; Falls ; Female ; Hip fracture ; Hip Fractures - prevention & control ; Hip Injuries ; Hip Joint - physiology ; Humans ; Impact ; Impact testing ; Kinetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Muscle Contraction - physiology ; Muscle Relaxation - physiology ; Musculoskeletal system ; Posture - physiology ; Reaction Time ; Shoulder Fractures - prevention & control ; Shoulder Joint - injuries ; Shoulder Joint - physiology ; Space life sciences ; Stress, Mechanical ; Weight-Bearing - physiology</subject><ispartof>Journal of biomechanics, 1999-09, Vol.32 (9), p.993-998</ispartof><rights>1999 Elsevier Science B.V.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c392t-d624d0d541e2bc39b30aa69bf902fc5232ebe9df0816871dcf2cdb38eab4a6dd3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c392t-d624d0d541e2bc39b30aa69bf902fc5232ebe9df0816871dcf2cdb38eab4a6dd3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9290(99)00079-2$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3548,27922,27923,45993</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10460138$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Sabick, M.B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hay, J.G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Goel, V.K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Banks, S.A.</creatorcontrib><title>Active responses decrease impact forces at the hip and shoulder in falls to the side</title><title>Journal of biomechanics</title><addtitle>J Biomech</addtitle><description>Active responses, such as using the arm to break the fall, may be an effective means of decreasing likelihood of injury in a fall and may help explain why only a small percentage of falls result in a fracture. We quantified the impact force at the hip and shoulder in falls to the side from a kneeling position under three conditions: (1) attempting to break the fall by using an arm; (2) falling with the body relaxed; and (3) falling with the body tensed. Subjects fell from a kneeling position onto a force platform array covered with foam padding and impact force data were recorded. The ground reaction force–time curve was generally bimodal due to sequential impacts of the hip and shoulder. Impact forces at the hip and shoulder were 12 and 16% less for the slap condition (
p<0.05) than for the tensed condition. The impact forces for the relaxed and tensed conditions were not significantly different, although impact forces tended to be less in the relaxed condition. We concluded that active responses reduce the impact forces experienced at the hip and shoulder in falls to the side. Decreased effectiveness of protective responses, due to increases in reaction time and decreases in strength with age, may help explain why so many hip fractures occur in the elderly but so few occur in younger people.</description><subject>Accidental Falls</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Age Factors</subject><subject>Aging - physiology</subject><subject>Arm - physiology</subject><subject>Falls</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Hip fracture</subject><subject>Hip Fractures - prevention & control</subject><subject>Hip Injuries</subject><subject>Hip Joint - physiology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Impact</subject><subject>Impact testing</subject><subject>Kinetics</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Multivariate Analysis</subject><subject>Muscle Contraction - physiology</subject><subject>Muscle Relaxation - physiology</subject><subject>Musculoskeletal system</subject><subject>Posture - physiology</subject><subject>Reaction Time</subject><subject>Shoulder Fractures - prevention & control</subject><subject>Shoulder Joint - injuries</subject><subject>Shoulder Joint - physiology</subject><subject>Space life sciences</subject><subject>Stress, Mechanical</subject><subject>Weight-Bearing - physiology</subject><issn>0021-9290</issn><issn>1873-2380</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1999</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkEtLAzEUhYMotlZ_gpKV6GL0JpnOTFZSii8ouLCuQya5QyPzMpkW_PfOdETcdXXh8J174CPkksEdA5bcvwNwFkku4UbKWwBIZcSPyJRlqYi4yOCYTP-QCTkL4XOA4lSekgmDOAEmsilZL0zndkg9hrapAwZq0XjUAamrWm06WjTe9LHuaLdBunEt1bWlYdNsS4ueupoWuiwD7Zo9EJzFc3LSZwEvfu-MfDw9rpcv0ert-XW5WEVGSN5FNuGxBTuPGfK8j3IBWicyLyTwwsy54JijtAVkLMlSZk3Bjc1FhjqPdWKtmJHr8W_rm68thk5VLhgsS11jsw0qkVJynsJBkDORpCLjPTgfQeObEDwWqvWu0v5bMVCDd7X3rgapSkq1966G3tXvwDav0P5rjaJ74GEEsPexc-hVMA5rg9Z5NJ2yjTsw8QNIdZKe</recordid><startdate>19990901</startdate><enddate>19990901</enddate><creator>Sabick, M.B.</creator><creator>Hay, J.G.</creator><creator>Goel, V.K.</creator><creator>Banks, S.A.</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>19990901</creationdate><title>Active responses decrease impact forces at the hip and shoulder in falls to the side</title><author>Sabick, M.B. ; Hay, J.G. ; Goel, V.K. ; Banks, S.A.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c392t-d624d0d541e2bc39b30aa69bf902fc5232ebe9df0816871dcf2cdb38eab4a6dd3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1999</creationdate><topic>Accidental Falls</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Age Factors</topic><topic>Aging - physiology</topic><topic>Arm - physiology</topic><topic>Falls</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Hip fracture</topic><topic>Hip Fractures - prevention & control</topic><topic>Hip Injuries</topic><topic>Hip Joint - physiology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Impact</topic><topic>Impact testing</topic><topic>Kinetics</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Multivariate Analysis</topic><topic>Muscle Contraction - physiology</topic><topic>Muscle Relaxation - physiology</topic><topic>Musculoskeletal system</topic><topic>Posture - physiology</topic><topic>Reaction Time</topic><topic>Shoulder Fractures - prevention & control</topic><topic>Shoulder Joint - injuries</topic><topic>Shoulder Joint - physiology</topic><topic>Space life sciences</topic><topic>Stress, Mechanical</topic><topic>Weight-Bearing - physiology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Sabick, M.B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hay, J.G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Goel, V.K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Banks, S.A.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of biomechanics</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Sabick, M.B.</au><au>Hay, J.G.</au><au>Goel, V.K.</au><au>Banks, S.A.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Active responses decrease impact forces at the hip and shoulder in falls to the side</atitle><jtitle>Journal of biomechanics</jtitle><addtitle>J Biomech</addtitle><date>1999-09-01</date><risdate>1999</risdate><volume>32</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>993</spage><epage>998</epage><pages>993-998</pages><issn>0021-9290</issn><eissn>1873-2380</eissn><abstract>Active responses, such as using the arm to break the fall, may be an effective means of decreasing likelihood of injury in a fall and may help explain why only a small percentage of falls result in a fracture. We quantified the impact force at the hip and shoulder in falls to the side from a kneeling position under three conditions: (1) attempting to break the fall by using an arm; (2) falling with the body relaxed; and (3) falling with the body tensed. Subjects fell from a kneeling position onto a force platform array covered with foam padding and impact force data were recorded. The ground reaction force–time curve was generally bimodal due to sequential impacts of the hip and shoulder. Impact forces at the hip and shoulder were 12 and 16% less for the slap condition (
p<0.05) than for the tensed condition. The impact forces for the relaxed and tensed conditions were not significantly different, although impact forces tended to be less in the relaxed condition. We concluded that active responses reduce the impact forces experienced at the hip and shoulder in falls to the side. Decreased effectiveness of protective responses, due to increases in reaction time and decreases in strength with age, may help explain why so many hip fractures occur in the elderly but so few occur in younger people.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>10460138</pmid><doi>10.1016/S0021-9290(99)00079-2</doi><tpages>6</tpages></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; ScienceDirect Journals (5 years ago - present) |
| subjects | Accidental Falls Adult Age Factors Aging - physiology Arm - physiology Falls Female Hip fracture Hip Fractures - prevention & control Hip Injuries Hip Joint - physiology Humans Impact Impact testing Kinetics Male Middle Aged Multivariate Analysis Muscle Contraction - physiology Muscle Relaxation - physiology Musculoskeletal system Posture - physiology Reaction Time Shoulder Fractures - prevention & control Shoulder Joint - injuries Shoulder Joint - physiology Space life sciences Stress, Mechanical Weight-Bearing - physiology |
| title | Active responses decrease impact forces at the hip and shoulder in falls to the side |
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