Beta-adrenergic receptor agonists and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors: shifting the focus from inotropy to cyclic adenosine monophosphate

Clinical trials of beta-adrenergic receptor agonists and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors in heart failure have demonstrated a reduction in survival in treated patients despite initial inotropic responses. These findings have led many to infer that activation of the mechanisms through...

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