Postmortem elevation in extracellular glutamate in the rat hippocampus when brain temperature is maintained at physiological levels: implications for the use of human brain autopsy tissues
Postmortem alterations in the neuronal cytoskeleton resemble some aspects of the cytoskeletal disruption associated with neurodegenerative disorders, and are also similar to those observed following ischemia and produced by excitotoxins in vivo and in vitro. This suggests the involvement of excitoto...
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description | Postmortem alterations in the neuronal cytoskeleton resemble some aspects of the cytoskeletal disruption associated with neurodegenerative disorders, and are also similar to those observed following ischemia and produced by excitotoxins in vivo and in vitro. This suggests the involvement of excitotoxic mechanisms during the postmortem interval. The purpose of this study was to determine if extracellular levels of glutamate are elevated postmortem. Extracellular levels of GABA and taurine were also monitored using in vivo microdialysis. These three amino acids were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. When postmortem rat brain temperature cooled rapidly to near room temperature, dialysate concentrations of glutamate were not increased in the hippocampal CA1 region during a 2-h postmortem interval, although increased extracellular levels of GABA and taurine were observed. In contrast, maintenance of brain temperature at 37°C resulted in a 12-to-40 fold elevation in extracellular glutamate levels 20–120 min postmortem. In addition, the elevation in dialysate taurine concentration was greater than that observed in rats in which postmortem brain temperature was not maintained. Excitatory amino acid antagonists, NBQX (2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(
F)quinoxaline) and MK-801 (dizocilpine, (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5
H-dibenzo[
a,d]cylohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate blocked the additional elevation in taurine associated with maintaining brain at 37°C, but had less robust effects against glutamate and GABA release. The results indicate that extracellular concentrations of glutamate, taurine and GABA increase in postmortem rat brain when physiologic temperatures are maintained, but that these increases are blunted when brain temperature decreases. After death, the human brain cools much more slowly than does the rat brain. Therefore, extracellular glutamate levels are likely to increase in the postmortem human brain and may contribute to excitotoxic neuronal damage occurring in the interval between death and autopsy. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01403-1 |
format | Article |
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F)quinoxaline) and MK-801 (dizocilpine, (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5
H-dibenzo[
a,d]cylohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate blocked the additional elevation in taurine associated with maintaining brain at 37°C, but had less robust effects against glutamate and GABA release. The results indicate that extracellular concentrations of glutamate, taurine and GABA increase in postmortem rat brain when physiologic temperatures are maintained, but that these increases are blunted when brain temperature decreases. After death, the human brain cools much more slowly than does the rat brain. Therefore, extracellular glutamate levels are likely to increase in the postmortem human brain and may contribute to excitotoxic neuronal damage occurring in the interval between death and autopsy.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0006-8993</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1872-6240</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01403-1</identifier><identifier>PMID: 10411988</identifier><identifier>CODEN: BRREAP</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Animals ; Autopsy ; Biological and medical sciences ; Body Temperature Regulation - physiology ; Brain - metabolism ; Central nervous system ; Central neurotransmission. Neuromudulation. Pathways and receptors ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Dizocilpine Maleate - metabolism ; Excitatory amino acid ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists - metabolism ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - metabolism ; Glutamic Acid - metabolism ; Hippocampus - metabolism ; HPLC ; Humans ; Inhibitory amino acid ; Male ; Microdialysis ; Postmortem Changes ; Quinoxalines - metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Taurine - metabolism ; Vertebrates: nervous system and sense organs</subject><ispartof>Brain research, 1999-06, Vol.831 (1), p.104-112</ispartof><rights>1999 Elsevier Science B.V.</rights><rights>1999 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science B.V.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c421t-6e8534aa97fac160e890681079ff0a80b60950d5ad08c6e41d784f18d8ae664f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c421t-6e8534aa97fac160e890681079ff0a80b60950d5ad08c6e41d784f18d8ae664f3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01403-1$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3550,27924,27925,45995</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=1871387$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10411988$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Geddes, James W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chang, Nada G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ackley, David C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Soultanian, Natalie S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McGillis, Joseph P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yokel, Robert A</creatorcontrib><title>Postmortem elevation in extracellular glutamate in the rat hippocampus when brain temperature is maintained at physiological levels: implications for the use of human brain autopsy tissues</title><title>Brain research</title><addtitle>Brain Res</addtitle><description>Postmortem alterations in the neuronal cytoskeleton resemble some aspects of the cytoskeletal disruption associated with neurodegenerative disorders, and are also similar to those observed following ischemia and produced by excitotoxins in vivo and in vitro. This suggests the involvement of excitotoxic mechanisms during the postmortem interval. The purpose of this study was to determine if extracellular levels of glutamate are elevated postmortem. Extracellular levels of GABA and taurine were also monitored using in vivo microdialysis. These three amino acids were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. When postmortem rat brain temperature cooled rapidly to near room temperature, dialysate concentrations of glutamate were not increased in the hippocampal CA1 region during a 2-h postmortem interval, although increased extracellular levels of GABA and taurine were observed. In contrast, maintenance of brain temperature at 37°C resulted in a 12-to-40 fold elevation in extracellular glutamate levels 20–120 min postmortem. In addition, the elevation in dialysate taurine concentration was greater than that observed in rats in which postmortem brain temperature was not maintained. Excitatory amino acid antagonists, NBQX (2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(
F)quinoxaline) and MK-801 (dizocilpine, (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5
H-dibenzo[
a,d]cylohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate blocked the additional elevation in taurine associated with maintaining brain at 37°C, but had less robust effects against glutamate and GABA release. The results indicate that extracellular concentrations of glutamate, taurine and GABA increase in postmortem rat brain when physiologic temperatures are maintained, but that these increases are blunted when brain temperature decreases. After death, the human brain cools much more slowly than does the rat brain. Therefore, extracellular glutamate levels are likely to increase in the postmortem human brain and may contribute to excitotoxic neuronal damage occurring in the interval between death and autopsy.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Autopsy</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Body Temperature Regulation - physiology</subject><subject>Brain - metabolism</subject><subject>Central nervous system</subject><subject>Central neurotransmission. Neuromudulation. Pathways and receptors</subject><subject>Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid</subject><subject>Dizocilpine Maleate - metabolism</subject><subject>Excitatory amino acid</subject><subject>Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists - metabolism</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - metabolism</subject><subject>Glutamic Acid - metabolism</subject><subject>Hippocampus - metabolism</subject><subject>HPLC</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Inhibitory amino acid</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Microdialysis</subject><subject>Postmortem Changes</subject><subject>Quinoxalines - metabolism</subject><subject>Rats</subject><subject>Rats, Sprague-Dawley</subject><subject>Taurine - metabolism</subject><subject>Vertebrates: nervous system and sense organs</subject><issn>0006-8993</issn><issn>1872-6240</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1999</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkcuO1DAQRSMEYpqBTwB5gRAsAnYncWw2CI14SSOBBKytaqcyMYrj4HIG-t_4OJzu5rGbhWW56lRd696ieCj4c8GFfPGZcy5LpXX1VOtnXNS8KsWtYiNUuy3ltua3i81f5Ky4R_QtP6tK87vFmeC1EFqpTfHrU6DkQ0zoGY54DcmFibmJ4c8UweI4LiNEdjUuCTwkXFtpQBYhscHNc7Dg54XYjwEntouwttHPmPtLzDQxn2spH-xYnpmHPbkwhitnYWRZEEd6yZyfx1xYtYn1IR4kFkIWejYsHv6shiWFmfYsOaIF6X5xp4eR8MHpPi--vn3z5eJ9efnx3YeL15elrbcilRJVU9UAuu3BCslRaS6V4K3uew6K7yTXDe8a6LiyEmvRtaruheoUoJR1X50XT4575xi-Z91kvKPVG5gwLGSk1nzLtbwRFO1WSd20GWyOoI2BKGJv5ug8xL0R3Kz5mkO-Zg3PaG0O-RqR5x6dBJadx-6_qWOgGXh8AoCyw32EyTr6x6lWVGrVf3XEsv147TAasg4ni52LaJPpgrvhJ78B_fDHIg</recordid><startdate>19990612</startdate><enddate>19990612</enddate><creator>Geddes, James W</creator><creator>Chang, Nada G</creator><creator>Ackley, David C</creator><creator>Soultanian, Natalie S</creator><creator>McGillis, Joseph P</creator><creator>Yokel, Robert A</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>19990612</creationdate><title>Postmortem elevation in extracellular glutamate in the rat hippocampus when brain temperature is maintained at physiological levels: implications for the use of human brain autopsy tissues</title><author>Geddes, James W ; Chang, Nada G ; Ackley, David C ; Soultanian, Natalie S ; McGillis, Joseph P ; Yokel, Robert A</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c421t-6e8534aa97fac160e890681079ff0a80b60950d5ad08c6e41d784f18d8ae664f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1999</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Autopsy</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Body Temperature Regulation - physiology</topic><topic>Brain - metabolism</topic><topic>Central nervous system</topic><topic>Central neurotransmission. Neuromudulation. Pathways and receptors</topic><topic>Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid</topic><topic>Dizocilpine Maleate - metabolism</topic><topic>Excitatory amino acid</topic><topic>Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists - metabolism</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - metabolism</topic><topic>Glutamic Acid - metabolism</topic><topic>Hippocampus - metabolism</topic><topic>HPLC</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Inhibitory amino acid</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Microdialysis</topic><topic>Postmortem Changes</topic><topic>Quinoxalines - metabolism</topic><topic>Rats</topic><topic>Rats, Sprague-Dawley</topic><topic>Taurine - metabolism</topic><topic>Vertebrates: nervous system and sense organs</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Geddes, James W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chang, Nada G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ackley, David C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Soultanian, Natalie S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McGillis, Joseph P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yokel, Robert A</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Brain research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Geddes, James W</au><au>Chang, Nada G</au><au>Ackley, David C</au><au>Soultanian, Natalie S</au><au>McGillis, Joseph P</au><au>Yokel, Robert A</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Postmortem elevation in extracellular glutamate in the rat hippocampus when brain temperature is maintained at physiological levels: implications for the use of human brain autopsy tissues</atitle><jtitle>Brain research</jtitle><addtitle>Brain Res</addtitle><date>1999-06-12</date><risdate>1999</risdate><volume>831</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>104</spage><epage>112</epage><pages>104-112</pages><issn>0006-8993</issn><eissn>1872-6240</eissn><coden>BRREAP</coden><abstract>Postmortem alterations in the neuronal cytoskeleton resemble some aspects of the cytoskeletal disruption associated with neurodegenerative disorders, and are also similar to those observed following ischemia and produced by excitotoxins in vivo and in vitro. This suggests the involvement of excitotoxic mechanisms during the postmortem interval. The purpose of this study was to determine if extracellular levels of glutamate are elevated postmortem. Extracellular levels of GABA and taurine were also monitored using in vivo microdialysis. These three amino acids were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. When postmortem rat brain temperature cooled rapidly to near room temperature, dialysate concentrations of glutamate were not increased in the hippocampal CA1 region during a 2-h postmortem interval, although increased extracellular levels of GABA and taurine were observed. In contrast, maintenance of brain temperature at 37°C resulted in a 12-to-40 fold elevation in extracellular glutamate levels 20–120 min postmortem. In addition, the elevation in dialysate taurine concentration was greater than that observed in rats in which postmortem brain temperature was not maintained. Excitatory amino acid antagonists, NBQX (2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(
F)quinoxaline) and MK-801 (dizocilpine, (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5
H-dibenzo[
a,d]cylohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate blocked the additional elevation in taurine associated with maintaining brain at 37°C, but had less robust effects against glutamate and GABA release. The results indicate that extracellular concentrations of glutamate, taurine and GABA increase in postmortem rat brain when physiologic temperatures are maintained, but that these increases are blunted when brain temperature decreases. After death, the human brain cools much more slowly than does the rat brain. Therefore, extracellular glutamate levels are likely to increase in the postmortem human brain and may contribute to excitotoxic neuronal damage occurring in the interval between death and autopsy.</abstract><cop>London</cop><cop>Amsterdam</cop><cop>New York, NY</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><pmid>10411988</pmid><doi>10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01403-1</doi><tpages>9</tpages></addata></record> |
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subjects | Animals Autopsy Biological and medical sciences Body Temperature Regulation - physiology Brain - metabolism Central nervous system Central neurotransmission. Neuromudulation. Pathways and receptors Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Dizocilpine Maleate - metabolism Excitatory amino acid Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists - metabolism Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - metabolism Glutamic Acid - metabolism Hippocampus - metabolism HPLC Humans Inhibitory amino acid Male Microdialysis Postmortem Changes Quinoxalines - metabolism Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley Taurine - metabolism Vertebrates: nervous system and sense organs |
title | Postmortem elevation in extracellular glutamate in the rat hippocampus when brain temperature is maintained at physiological levels: implications for the use of human brain autopsy tissues |
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