HIV-1 Tat protein induces TNF-alpha and IL-10 production by human macrophages: differential implication of PKC-betaII and -delta isozymes and MAP kinases ERK1/2 and p38

In this study, we demonstrate that HIV-1 Tat protein is able to induce IL-10 and TNF-alpha in human macrophages. We show that N-terminal Tat 1-45 fragment initiates the PKC pathway by acting at the membrane. Inhibition of PKC pathway, by chemical inhibitors or after PMA treatment, abolishes both IL-...

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