The interplay between propelling efficiency, hydrodynamic position and energy cost of front crawl in 8 to 19-year-old swimmers
The aim of this study was to investigate the interplay between the arm stroke efficiency (an index of propelling efficiency, η P ) and the static and dynamic position in water (indexes of hydrodynamic resistance, W d ) in determining the energy cost of front crawl ( C ) during a swimmer’s growth. Th...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | European journal of applied physiology 2008-11, Vol.104 (4), p.689-699 |
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| creator | Zamparo, P. Lazzer, S. Antoniazzi, C. Cedolin, S. Avon, R. Lesa, C. |
| description | The aim of this study was to investigate the interplay between the arm stroke efficiency (an index of propelling efficiency,
η
P
) and the static and dynamic position in water (indexes of hydrodynamic resistance,
W
d
) in determining the energy cost of front crawl (
C
) during a swimmer’s growth. These three parameters are indeed related by the following equation:
where
η
o
is the overall efficiency of swimming. The experiments were carried out on 72 swimmers (38 M and 34 F; 8–19 years) who were asked to swim at 1 m s
−1
. The static position in water was assessed by measuring the underwater torque (
T
′); the dynamic position in water by measuring the projected frontal area (
A
eff
). The ratio between the average values of the eldest to youngest class of age was 3.84 and 2.27 for
T
′, 2.13 and 1.68 for
A
eff
, and 1.13 and 1.24 for
η
P
(in M and F, respectively). The increase in
T
′ and in
A
eff
was larger than the increase in efficiency suggesting that, in this age range,
C
should increase, the more so in M than F. Indeed,
C
increased by 1.58 in male and 1.17 in female swimmers. Based on the values of
C
and
η
P
(and assuming a constant value of
η
o
) it is possible to estimate that, in this age range,
W
d
increases by about 1.97 in male and 1.32 in female swimmers, an increase which is proportional to the observed increase in
A
eff
. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00421-008-0822-7 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_69639658</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>69639658</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c435t-bef842e5d511638d529f4d2f2542d00000e81414de9b2e38d2b77902d5a2c1f93</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp1kU1rXCEUhqUkNB_tD-imSBZZ1US9X7osIWkKgWwma_HqccZwr97qHYa7yW-PwwwNFOpGwee855z3RegbozeM0u42U1pzRigVhArOSfcJnbO6kqSteHfy983kGbrI-ZUWkDPxGZ0x0VYtb-U5elttAPswQ5oGveAe5h1AwFOKEwyDD2sMznnjIZjlB94sNkW7BD16g6eY_exjwDpYDAHSesEm5hlHh12KYcYm6d1Q1LHAc8RMkgV0InGwOO_8OELKX9Cp00OGr8f7Er083K_uHsnT86_fdz-fiKmrZiY9OFFzaGzDWFsJ23Dpassdb2pu6f6AYDWrLcieQwF433WScttobpiT1SW6PuiWxf5sIc9q9NmUDXWAuM2qlW0l20YU8Oof8DVuUyizqa6RlBW_uwKxA2RSzDmBU1Pyo06LYlTtk1GHZFQxXO2TUfua70fhbT-C_ag4RlEAfgBy-QprSB-d_6_6DlMPmT4</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>759014217</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>The interplay between propelling efficiency, hydrodynamic position and energy cost of front crawl in 8 to 19-year-old swimmers</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SpringerLink_现刊</source><creator>Zamparo, P. ; Lazzer, S. ; Antoniazzi, C. ; Cedolin, S. ; Avon, R. ; Lesa, C.</creator><creatorcontrib>Zamparo, P. ; Lazzer, S. ; Antoniazzi, C. ; Cedolin, S. ; Avon, R. ; Lesa, C.</creatorcontrib><description>The aim of this study was to investigate the interplay between the arm stroke efficiency (an index of propelling efficiency,
η
P
) and the static and dynamic position in water (indexes of hydrodynamic resistance,
W
d
) in determining the energy cost of front crawl (
C
) during a swimmer’s growth. These three parameters are indeed related by the following equation:
where
η
o
is the overall efficiency of swimming. The experiments were carried out on 72 swimmers (38 M and 34 F; 8–19 years) who were asked to swim at 1 m s
−1
. The static position in water was assessed by measuring the underwater torque (
T
′); the dynamic position in water by measuring the projected frontal area (
A
eff
). The ratio between the average values of the eldest to youngest class of age was 3.84 and 2.27 for
T
′, 2.13 and 1.68 for
A
eff
, and 1.13 and 1.24 for
η
P
(in M and F, respectively). The increase in
T
′ and in
A
eff
was larger than the increase in efficiency suggesting that, in this age range,
C
should increase, the more so in M than F. Indeed,
C
increased by 1.58 in male and 1.17 in female swimmers. Based on the values of
C
and
η
P
(and assuming a constant value of
η
o
) it is possible to estimate that, in this age range,
W
d
increases by about 1.97 in male and 1.32 in female swimmers, an increase which is proportional to the observed increase in
A
eff
.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1439-6319</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1439-6327</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00421-008-0822-7</identifier><identifier>PMID: 18636269</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Age Factors ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Biomedicine ; Child ; Energy Metabolism - physiology ; Female ; Human Physiology ; Humans ; Immersion ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Muscle Contraction - physiology ; Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine ; Original Article ; Sex Characteristics ; Sports Medicine ; Swimming - physiology ; Torque ; Water ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>European journal of applied physiology, 2008-11, Vol.104 (4), p.689-699</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag 2008</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c435t-bef842e5d511638d529f4d2f2542d00000e81414de9b2e38d2b77902d5a2c1f93</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c435t-bef842e5d511638d529f4d2f2542d00000e81414de9b2e38d2b77902d5a2c1f93</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00421-008-0822-7$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00421-008-0822-7$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27922,27923,41486,42555,51317</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18636269$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zamparo, P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lazzer, S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Antoniazzi, C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cedolin, S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Avon, R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lesa, C.</creatorcontrib><title>The interplay between propelling efficiency, hydrodynamic position and energy cost of front crawl in 8 to 19-year-old swimmers</title><title>European journal of applied physiology</title><addtitle>Eur J Appl Physiol</addtitle><addtitle>Eur J Appl Physiol</addtitle><description>The aim of this study was to investigate the interplay between the arm stroke efficiency (an index of propelling efficiency,
η
P
) and the static and dynamic position in water (indexes of hydrodynamic resistance,
W
d
) in determining the energy cost of front crawl (
C
) during a swimmer’s growth. These three parameters are indeed related by the following equation:
where
η
o
is the overall efficiency of swimming. The experiments were carried out on 72 swimmers (38 M and 34 F; 8–19 years) who were asked to swim at 1 m s
−1
. The static position in water was assessed by measuring the underwater torque (
T
′); the dynamic position in water by measuring the projected frontal area (
A
eff
). The ratio between the average values of the eldest to youngest class of age was 3.84 and 2.27 for
T
′, 2.13 and 1.68 for
A
eff
, and 1.13 and 1.24 for
η
P
(in M and F, respectively). The increase in
T
′ and in
A
eff
was larger than the increase in efficiency suggesting that, in this age range,
C
should increase, the more so in M than F. Indeed,
C
increased by 1.58 in male and 1.17 in female swimmers. Based on the values of
C
and
η
P
(and assuming a constant value of
η
o
) it is possible to estimate that, in this age range,
W
d
increases by about 1.97 in male and 1.32 in female swimmers, an increase which is proportional to the observed increase in
A
eff
.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Age Factors</subject><subject>Biomechanical Phenomena</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biomedicine</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Energy Metabolism - physiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Human Physiology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Immersion</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Models, Biological</subject><subject>Muscle Contraction - physiology</subject><subject>Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine</subject><subject>Original Article</subject><subject>Sex Characteristics</subject><subject>Sports Medicine</subject><subject>Swimming - physiology</subject><subject>Torque</subject><subject>Water</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>1439-6319</issn><issn>1439-6327</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2008</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kU1rXCEUhqUkNB_tD-imSBZZ1US9X7osIWkKgWwma_HqccZwr97qHYa7yW-PwwwNFOpGwee855z3RegbozeM0u42U1pzRigVhArOSfcJnbO6kqSteHfy983kGbrI-ZUWkDPxGZ0x0VYtb-U5elttAPswQ5oGveAe5h1AwFOKEwyDD2sMznnjIZjlB94sNkW7BD16g6eY_exjwDpYDAHSesEm5hlHh12KYcYm6d1Q1LHAc8RMkgV0InGwOO_8OELKX9Cp00OGr8f7Er083K_uHsnT86_fdz-fiKmrZiY9OFFzaGzDWFsJ23Dpassdb2pu6f6AYDWrLcieQwF433WScttobpiT1SW6PuiWxf5sIc9q9NmUDXWAuM2qlW0l20YU8Oof8DVuUyizqa6RlBW_uwKxA2RSzDmBU1Pyo06LYlTtk1GHZFQxXO2TUfua70fhbT-C_ag4RlEAfgBy-QprSB-d_6_6DlMPmT4</recordid><startdate>20081101</startdate><enddate>20081101</enddate><creator>Zamparo, P.</creator><creator>Lazzer, S.</creator><creator>Antoniazzi, C.</creator><creator>Cedolin, S.</creator><creator>Avon, R.</creator><creator>Lesa, C.</creator><general>Springer-Verlag</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88A</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20081101</creationdate><title>The interplay between propelling efficiency, hydrodynamic position and energy cost of front crawl in 8 to 19-year-old swimmers</title><author>Zamparo, P. ; Lazzer, S. ; Antoniazzi, C. ; Cedolin, S. ; Avon, R. ; Lesa, C.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c435t-bef842e5d511638d529f4d2f2542d00000e81414de9b2e38d2b77902d5a2c1f93</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2008</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Age Factors</topic><topic>Biomechanical Phenomena</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biomedicine</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Energy Metabolism - physiology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Human Physiology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Immersion</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Models, Biological</topic><topic>Muscle Contraction - physiology</topic><topic>Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine</topic><topic>Original Article</topic><topic>Sex Characteristics</topic><topic>Sports Medicine</topic><topic>Swimming - physiology</topic><topic>Torque</topic><topic>Water</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Zamparo, P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lazzer, S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Antoniazzi, C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cedolin, S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Avon, R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lesa, C.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Proquest Nursing & Allied Health Source</collection><collection>ProQuest_Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Biology Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>AUTh Library subscriptions: ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Biological Sciences</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>PML(ProQuest Medical Library)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>European journal of applied physiology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zamparo, P.</au><au>Lazzer, S.</au><au>Antoniazzi, C.</au><au>Cedolin, S.</au><au>Avon, R.</au><au>Lesa, C.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The interplay between propelling efficiency, hydrodynamic position and energy cost of front crawl in 8 to 19-year-old swimmers</atitle><jtitle>European journal of applied physiology</jtitle><stitle>Eur J Appl Physiol</stitle><addtitle>Eur J Appl Physiol</addtitle><date>2008-11-01</date><risdate>2008</risdate><volume>104</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>689</spage><epage>699</epage><pages>689-699</pages><issn>1439-6319</issn><eissn>1439-6327</eissn><abstract>The aim of this study was to investigate the interplay between the arm stroke efficiency (an index of propelling efficiency,
η
P
) and the static and dynamic position in water (indexes of hydrodynamic resistance,
W
d
) in determining the energy cost of front crawl (
C
) during a swimmer’s growth. These three parameters are indeed related by the following equation:
where
η
o
is the overall efficiency of swimming. The experiments were carried out on 72 swimmers (38 M and 34 F; 8–19 years) who were asked to swim at 1 m s
−1
. The static position in water was assessed by measuring the underwater torque (
T
′); the dynamic position in water by measuring the projected frontal area (
A
eff
). The ratio between the average values of the eldest to youngest class of age was 3.84 and 2.27 for
T
′, 2.13 and 1.68 for
A
eff
, and 1.13 and 1.24 for
η
P
(in M and F, respectively). The increase in
T
′ and in
A
eff
was larger than the increase in efficiency suggesting that, in this age range,
C
should increase, the more so in M than F. Indeed,
C
increased by 1.58 in male and 1.17 in female swimmers. Based on the values of
C
and
η
P
(and assuming a constant value of
η
o
) it is possible to estimate that, in this age range,
W
d
increases by about 1.97 in male and 1.32 in female swimmers, an increase which is proportional to the observed increase in
A
eff
.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer-Verlag</pub><pmid>18636269</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00421-008-0822-7</doi><tpages>11</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1439-6319 |
| ispartof | European journal of applied physiology, 2008-11, Vol.104 (4), p.689-699 |
| issn | 1439-6319 1439-6327 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; SpringerLink_现刊 |
| subjects | Adolescent Age Factors Biomechanical Phenomena Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedicine Child Energy Metabolism - physiology Female Human Physiology Humans Immersion Male Models, Biological Muscle Contraction - physiology Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine Original Article Sex Characteristics Sports Medicine Swimming - physiology Torque Water Young Adult |
| title | The interplay between propelling efficiency, hydrodynamic position and energy cost of front crawl in 8 to 19-year-old swimmers |
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