Evolutionary origin and development of snake fangs
Evolution bites: Fang development and the diversity of modern snakes An 'evo-devo' study of venomous snakes has arrived at a new model for the evolution of snake fangs, a subject of some controversy. Many of the advanced snakes alive today use syringe-like fangs to inject venom into their...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Nature (London) 2008-07, Vol.454 (7204), p.630-633 |
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| creator | Vonk, Freek J. Admiraal, Jeroen F. Jackson, Kate Reshef, Ram de Bakker, Merijn A. G. Vanderschoot, Kim van den Berge, Iris van Atten, Marit Burgerhout, Erik Beck, Andrew Mirtschin, Peter J. Kochva, Elazar Witte, Frans Fry, Bryan G. Woods, Anthony E. Richardson, Michael K. |
| description | Evolution bites: Fang development and the diversity of modern snakes
An 'evo-devo' study of venomous snakes has arrived at a new model for the evolution of snake fangs, a subject of some controversy. Many of the advanced snakes alive today use syringe-like fangs to inject venom into their prey. The fangs are either positioned at the front or rear of the upper jaw, and the controversy lies in whether the two arrangements are evolutionarily related. By visualizing tooth-forming epithelium in the upper jaw of 96 snake embryos from 8 species, the study shows that 'front-fanged' and 'rear-fanged' types are strikingly similar in morphogenesis. Front fangs develop from a rear part of the upper jaw that is displaced forward during development, and rear fangs from a specialized zone that stays put. The new model proposes that a posterior subregion of tooth-forming epithelium became developmentally uncoupled from the remaining dentition, allowing the posterior teeth to evolve independently and in close association with the venom gland, becoming highly modified in different lineages. This developmental event could have facilitated the massive radiation of advanced snakes in the Cenozoic era, resulting in the spectacular diversity of snakes seen today. The cover shows a Lataste's viper (
Vipera latastei gaditana
) with the erected fang covered by the fang sheath. Photo by Ruben Schipper.
Many advanced snakes use fangs to inject venom into their prey. The fangs may be either at the front or rear of the upper jaw, but biologists have been unable to agree whether these two arrangements are evolutionarily related. It is now shown that front fangs develop in the rear part of the jaw, and that the resemblances between front and rear fangs are so striking during their development that homology is probable.
Many advanced snakes use fangs—specialized teeth associated with a venom gland
1
,
2
—to introduce venom into prey or attacker. Various front- and rear-fanged groups are recognized, according to whether their fangs are positioned anterior (for example cobras and vipers) or posterior (for example grass snakes) in the upper jaw
3
,
4
,
5
. A fundamental controversy in snake evolution is whether or not front and rear fangs share the same evolutionary and developmental origin
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
. Resolving this controversy could identify a major evolutionary transition underlying the massive radiation of advanced snakes, and the associated developmental events. Here we |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1038/nature07178 |
| format | Article |
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An 'evo-devo' study of venomous snakes has arrived at a new model for the evolution of snake fangs, a subject of some controversy. Many of the advanced snakes alive today use syringe-like fangs to inject venom into their prey. The fangs are either positioned at the front or rear of the upper jaw, and the controversy lies in whether the two arrangements are evolutionarily related. By visualizing tooth-forming epithelium in the upper jaw of 96 snake embryos from 8 species, the study shows that 'front-fanged' and 'rear-fanged' types are strikingly similar in morphogenesis. Front fangs develop from a rear part of the upper jaw that is displaced forward during development, and rear fangs from a specialized zone that stays put. The new model proposes that a posterior subregion of tooth-forming epithelium became developmentally uncoupled from the remaining dentition, allowing the posterior teeth to evolve independently and in close association with the venom gland, becoming highly modified in different lineages. This developmental event could have facilitated the massive radiation of advanced snakes in the Cenozoic era, resulting in the spectacular diversity of snakes seen today. The cover shows a Lataste's viper (
Vipera latastei gaditana
) with the erected fang covered by the fang sheath. Photo by Ruben Schipper.
Many advanced snakes use fangs to inject venom into their prey. The fangs may be either at the front or rear of the upper jaw, but biologists have been unable to agree whether these two arrangements are evolutionarily related. It is now shown that front fangs develop in the rear part of the jaw, and that the resemblances between front and rear fangs are so striking during their development that homology is probable.
Many advanced snakes use fangs—specialized teeth associated with a venom gland
1
,
2
—to introduce venom into prey or attacker. Various front- and rear-fanged groups are recognized, according to whether their fangs are positioned anterior (for example cobras and vipers) or posterior (for example grass snakes) in the upper jaw
3
,
4
,
5
. A fundamental controversy in snake evolution is whether or not front and rear fangs share the same evolutionary and developmental origin
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
. Resolving this controversy could identify a major evolutionary transition underlying the massive radiation of advanced snakes, and the associated developmental events. Here we examine this issue by visualizing the tooth-forming epithelium in the upper jaw of 96 snake embryos, covering eight species. We use the sonic hedgehog gene as a marker
10
,
11
,
12
,
13
, and three-dimensionally reconstruct the development in 41 of the embryos. We show that front fangs develop from the posterior end of the upper jaw, and are strikingly similar in morphogenesis to rear fangs. This is consistent with their being homologous. In front-fanged snakes, the anterior part of the upper jaw lacks sonic hedgehog expression, and ontogenetic allometry displaces the fang from its posterior developmental origin to its adult front position—consistent with an ancestral posterior position of the front fang. In rear-fanged snakes, the fangs develop from an independent posterior dental lamina and retain their posterior position. In light of our findings, we put forward a new model for the evolution of snake fangs: a posterior subregion of the tooth-forming epithelium became developmentally uncoupled from the remaining dentition, which allowed the posterior teeth to evolve independently and in close association with the venom gland, becoming highly modified in different lineages. This developmental event could have facilitated the massive radiation of advanced snakes in the Cenozoic era, resulting in the spectacular diversity of snakes seen today
6
,
14
,
15
.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0028-0836</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1476-4687</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/nature07178</identifier><identifier>PMID: 18668106</identifier><identifier>CODEN: NATUAS</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: Nature Publishing Group UK</publisher><subject>Allometry ; Amphibia. Reptilia ; Animals ; Biological and medical sciences ; Biological evolution ; Cenozoic ; Embryos ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genetics of eukaryotes. Biological and molecular evolution ; Hedgehog Proteins - genetics ; Hedgehog Proteins - metabolism ; Histology ; Humanities and Social Sciences ; In Situ Hybridization ; letter ; Molecular Sequence Data ; multidisciplinary ; Natural history ; Origin ; Phylogeny ; Physiological aspects ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Science ; Science (multidisciplinary) ; Snakes ; Snakes - anatomy & histology ; Snakes - classification ; Snakes - embryology ; Snakes - genetics ; Teeth ; Tooth - anatomy & histology ; Tooth - embryology ; Varieties ; Venom ; Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution</subject><ispartof>Nature (London), 2008-07, Vol.454 (7204), p.630-633</ispartof><rights>Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved 2008</rights><rights>2008 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2008 Nature Publishing Group</rights><rights>Copyright Nature Publishing Group Jul 31, 2008</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c649t-ae0d4b1788a8368ab8d140d54890a76e9d801842a7610a55cf2e07cb7d3b516c3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c649t-ae0d4b1788a8368ab8d140d54890a76e9d801842a7610a55cf2e07cb7d3b516c3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1038/nature07178$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1038/nature07178$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=20524824$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18668106$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Vonk, Freek J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Admiraal, Jeroen F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jackson, Kate</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reshef, Ram</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Bakker, Merijn A. G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vanderschoot, Kim</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van den Berge, Iris</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van Atten, Marit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Burgerhout, Erik</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Beck, Andrew</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mirtschin, Peter J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kochva, Elazar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Witte, Frans</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fry, Bryan G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Woods, Anthony E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Richardson, Michael K.</creatorcontrib><title>Evolutionary origin and development of snake fangs</title><title>Nature (London)</title><addtitle>Nature</addtitle><addtitle>Nature</addtitle><description>Evolution bites: Fang development and the diversity of modern snakes
An 'evo-devo' study of venomous snakes has arrived at a new model for the evolution of snake fangs, a subject of some controversy. Many of the advanced snakes alive today use syringe-like fangs to inject venom into their prey. The fangs are either positioned at the front or rear of the upper jaw, and the controversy lies in whether the two arrangements are evolutionarily related. By visualizing tooth-forming epithelium in the upper jaw of 96 snake embryos from 8 species, the study shows that 'front-fanged' and 'rear-fanged' types are strikingly similar in morphogenesis. Front fangs develop from a rear part of the upper jaw that is displaced forward during development, and rear fangs from a specialized zone that stays put. The new model proposes that a posterior subregion of tooth-forming epithelium became developmentally uncoupled from the remaining dentition, allowing the posterior teeth to evolve independently and in close association with the venom gland, becoming highly modified in different lineages. This developmental event could have facilitated the massive radiation of advanced snakes in the Cenozoic era, resulting in the spectacular diversity of snakes seen today. The cover shows a Lataste's viper (
Vipera latastei gaditana
) with the erected fang covered by the fang sheath. Photo by Ruben Schipper.
Many advanced snakes use fangs to inject venom into their prey. The fangs may be either at the front or rear of the upper jaw, but biologists have been unable to agree whether these two arrangements are evolutionarily related. It is now shown that front fangs develop in the rear part of the jaw, and that the resemblances between front and rear fangs are so striking during their development that homology is probable.
Many advanced snakes use fangs—specialized teeth associated with a venom gland
1
,
2
—to introduce venom into prey or attacker. Various front- and rear-fanged groups are recognized, according to whether their fangs are positioned anterior (for example cobras and vipers) or posterior (for example grass snakes) in the upper jaw
3
,
4
,
5
. A fundamental controversy in snake evolution is whether or not front and rear fangs share the same evolutionary and developmental origin
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
. Resolving this controversy could identify a major evolutionary transition underlying the massive radiation of advanced snakes, and the associated developmental events. Here we examine this issue by visualizing the tooth-forming epithelium in the upper jaw of 96 snake embryos, covering eight species. We use the sonic hedgehog gene as a marker
10
,
11
,
12
,
13
, and three-dimensionally reconstruct the development in 41 of the embryos. We show that front fangs develop from the posterior end of the upper jaw, and are strikingly similar in morphogenesis to rear fangs. This is consistent with their being homologous. In front-fanged snakes, the anterior part of the upper jaw lacks sonic hedgehog expression, and ontogenetic allometry displaces the fang from its posterior developmental origin to its adult front position—consistent with an ancestral posterior position of the front fang. In rear-fanged snakes, the fangs develop from an independent posterior dental lamina and retain their posterior position. In light of our findings, we put forward a new model for the evolution of snake fangs: a posterior subregion of the tooth-forming epithelium became developmentally uncoupled from the remaining dentition, which allowed the posterior teeth to evolve independently and in close association with the venom gland, becoming highly modified in different lineages. This developmental event could have facilitated the massive radiation of advanced snakes in the Cenozoic era, resulting in the spectacular diversity of snakes seen today
6
,
14
,
15
.</description><subject>Allometry</subject><subject>Amphibia. Reptilia</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Biological evolution</subject><subject>Cenozoic</subject><subject>Embryos</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental</subject><subject>Genetics of eukaryotes. Biological and molecular evolution</subject><subject>Hedgehog Proteins - genetics</subject><subject>Hedgehog Proteins - metabolism</subject><subject>Histology</subject><subject>Humanities and Social Sciences</subject><subject>In Situ Hybridization</subject><subject>letter</subject><subject>Molecular Sequence Data</subject><subject>multidisciplinary</subject><subject>Natural history</subject><subject>Origin</subject><subject>Phylogeny</subject><subject>Physiological aspects</subject><subject>Scanning electron microscopy</subject><subject>Science</subject><subject>Science (multidisciplinary)</subject><subject>Snakes</subject><subject>Snakes - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Snakes - classification</subject><subject>Snakes - embryology</subject><subject>Snakes - genetics</subject><subject>Teeth</subject><subject>Tooth - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Tooth - embryology</subject><subject>Varieties</subject><subject>Venom</subject><subject>Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution</subject><issn>0028-0836</issn><issn>1476-4687</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2008</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>BEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNp10lFr1TAUAOAgirtOn3yXMlEQ7Txp0yR9vFymDoaCTnwMaXpaMtvkLmmH_nsz7sXtSiUPCcmXk5PkEPKcwimFUr53epoDgqBCPiArygTPGZfiIVkBFDIHWfIj8iTGKwCoqGCPyRGVnEsKfEWKsxs_zJP1ToffmQ-2ty7Trs1avMHBb0d0U-a7LDr9E7NOuz4-JY86PUR8tu-PyfcPZ5ebT_nFl4_nm_VFbjirp1wjtKxJSUmdMpC6kS1l0FZM1qAFx7qVQCUr0piCrirTFekSphFt2VSUm_KYvN7F3QZ_PWOc1GijwWHQDv0cFa9LQUGUCZ78A6_8HFzKTRXAmCgYowm93KFeD6is6_wUtLmNqNZUSlnXglZJ5QuqR4dBD95hZ9P0gT9Z8GZrr9V9dLqAUmtxtGYx6puDDclM-Gvq9RyjOv_29dC-_b9dX_7YfF7UJvgYA3ZqG-yYvl5RULfVpO5VU9Iv9g87NyO2d3ZfPgm82gMdjR66oJ2x8a8roCqYLFhy73YupiXXY7j7oaVz_wAmFNt1</recordid><startdate>20080731</startdate><enddate>20080731</enddate><creator>Vonk, Freek J.</creator><creator>Admiraal, Jeroen F.</creator><creator>Jackson, Kate</creator><creator>Reshef, Ram</creator><creator>de Bakker, Merijn A. 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G. ; Vanderschoot, Kim ; van den Berge, Iris ; van Atten, Marit ; Burgerhout, Erik ; Beck, Andrew ; Mirtschin, Peter J. ; Kochva, Elazar ; Witte, Frans ; Fry, Bryan G. ; Woods, Anthony E. ; Richardson, Michael K.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c649t-ae0d4b1788a8368ab8d140d54890a76e9d801842a7610a55cf2e07cb7d3b516c3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2008</creationdate><topic>Allometry</topic><topic>Amphibia. Reptilia</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Biological evolution</topic><topic>Cenozoic</topic><topic>Embryos</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental</topic><topic>Genetics of eukaryotes. Biological and molecular evolution</topic><topic>Hedgehog Proteins - genetics</topic><topic>Hedgehog Proteins - metabolism</topic><topic>Histology</topic><topic>Humanities and Social Sciences</topic><topic>In Situ Hybridization</topic><topic>letter</topic><topic>Molecular Sequence Data</topic><topic>multidisciplinary</topic><topic>Natural history</topic><topic>Origin</topic><topic>Phylogeny</topic><topic>Physiological aspects</topic><topic>Scanning electron microscopy</topic><topic>Science</topic><topic>Science (multidisciplinary)</topic><topic>Snakes</topic><topic>Snakes - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Snakes - classification</topic><topic>Snakes - embryology</topic><topic>Snakes - genetics</topic><topic>Teeth</topic><topic>Tooth - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Tooth - embryology</topic><topic>Varieties</topic><topic>Venom</topic><topic>Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Vonk, Freek J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Admiraal, Jeroen F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jackson, Kate</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reshef, Ram</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Bakker, Merijn A. G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vanderschoot, Kim</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van den Berge, Iris</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van Atten, Marit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Burgerhout, Erik</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Beck, Andrew</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mirtschin, Peter J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kochva, Elazar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Witte, Frans</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fry, Bryan G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Woods, Anthony E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Richardson, Michael K.</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Middle School</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Oncogenes and Growth Factors Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Biology Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Psychology Database (Alumni)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>STEM Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>eLibrary</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - 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Academic</collection><jtitle>Nature (London)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Vonk, Freek J.</au><au>Admiraal, Jeroen F.</au><au>Jackson, Kate</au><au>Reshef, Ram</au><au>de Bakker, Merijn A. G.</au><au>Vanderschoot, Kim</au><au>van den Berge, Iris</au><au>van Atten, Marit</au><au>Burgerhout, Erik</au><au>Beck, Andrew</au><au>Mirtschin, Peter J.</au><au>Kochva, Elazar</au><au>Witte, Frans</au><au>Fry, Bryan G.</au><au>Woods, Anthony E.</au><au>Richardson, Michael K.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Evolutionary origin and development of snake fangs</atitle><jtitle>Nature (London)</jtitle><stitle>Nature</stitle><addtitle>Nature</addtitle><date>2008-07-31</date><risdate>2008</risdate><volume>454</volume><issue>7204</issue><spage>630</spage><epage>633</epage><pages>630-633</pages><issn>0028-0836</issn><eissn>1476-4687</eissn><coden>NATUAS</coden><abstract>Evolution bites: Fang development and the diversity of modern snakes
An 'evo-devo' study of venomous snakes has arrived at a new model for the evolution of snake fangs, a subject of some controversy. Many of the advanced snakes alive today use syringe-like fangs to inject venom into their prey. The fangs are either positioned at the front or rear of the upper jaw, and the controversy lies in whether the two arrangements are evolutionarily related. By visualizing tooth-forming epithelium in the upper jaw of 96 snake embryos from 8 species, the study shows that 'front-fanged' and 'rear-fanged' types are strikingly similar in morphogenesis. Front fangs develop from a rear part of the upper jaw that is displaced forward during development, and rear fangs from a specialized zone that stays put. The new model proposes that a posterior subregion of tooth-forming epithelium became developmentally uncoupled from the remaining dentition, allowing the posterior teeth to evolve independently and in close association with the venom gland, becoming highly modified in different lineages. This developmental event could have facilitated the massive radiation of advanced snakes in the Cenozoic era, resulting in the spectacular diversity of snakes seen today. The cover shows a Lataste's viper (
Vipera latastei gaditana
) with the erected fang covered by the fang sheath. Photo by Ruben Schipper.
Many advanced snakes use fangs to inject venom into their prey. The fangs may be either at the front or rear of the upper jaw, but biologists have been unable to agree whether these two arrangements are evolutionarily related. It is now shown that front fangs develop in the rear part of the jaw, and that the resemblances between front and rear fangs are so striking during their development that homology is probable.
Many advanced snakes use fangs—specialized teeth associated with a venom gland
1
,
2
—to introduce venom into prey or attacker. Various front- and rear-fanged groups are recognized, according to whether their fangs are positioned anterior (for example cobras and vipers) or posterior (for example grass snakes) in the upper jaw
3
,
4
,
5
. A fundamental controversy in snake evolution is whether or not front and rear fangs share the same evolutionary and developmental origin
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
. Resolving this controversy could identify a major evolutionary transition underlying the massive radiation of advanced snakes, and the associated developmental events. Here we examine this issue by visualizing the tooth-forming epithelium in the upper jaw of 96 snake embryos, covering eight species. We use the sonic hedgehog gene as a marker
10
,
11
,
12
,
13
, and three-dimensionally reconstruct the development in 41 of the embryos. We show that front fangs develop from the posterior end of the upper jaw, and are strikingly similar in morphogenesis to rear fangs. This is consistent with their being homologous. In front-fanged snakes, the anterior part of the upper jaw lacks sonic hedgehog expression, and ontogenetic allometry displaces the fang from its posterior developmental origin to its adult front position—consistent with an ancestral posterior position of the front fang. In rear-fanged snakes, the fangs develop from an independent posterior dental lamina and retain their posterior position. In light of our findings, we put forward a new model for the evolution of snake fangs: a posterior subregion of the tooth-forming epithelium became developmentally uncoupled from the remaining dentition, which allowed the posterior teeth to evolve independently and in close association with the venom gland, becoming highly modified in different lineages. This developmental event could have facilitated the massive radiation of advanced snakes in the Cenozoic era, resulting in the spectacular diversity of snakes seen today
6
,
14
,
15
.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>Nature Publishing Group UK</pub><pmid>18668106</pmid><doi>10.1038/nature07178</doi><tpages>4</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0028-0836 |
| ispartof | Nature (London), 2008-07, Vol.454 (7204), p.630-633 |
| issn | 0028-0836 1476-4687 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_69371073 |
| source | MEDLINE; Nature Journals Online; SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings |
| subjects | Allometry Amphibia. Reptilia Animals Biological and medical sciences Biological evolution Cenozoic Embryos Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental Genetics of eukaryotes. Biological and molecular evolution Hedgehog Proteins - genetics Hedgehog Proteins - metabolism Histology Humanities and Social Sciences In Situ Hybridization letter Molecular Sequence Data multidisciplinary Natural history Origin Phylogeny Physiological aspects Scanning electron microscopy Science Science (multidisciplinary) Snakes Snakes - anatomy & histology Snakes - classification Snakes - embryology Snakes - genetics Teeth Tooth - anatomy & histology Tooth - embryology Varieties Venom Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution |
| title | Evolutionary origin and development of snake fangs |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-05T05%3A48%3A58IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_proqu&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evolutionary%20origin%20and%20development%20of%20snake%20fangs&rft.jtitle=Nature%20(London)&rft.au=Vonk,%20Freek%20J.&rft.date=2008-07-31&rft.volume=454&rft.issue=7204&rft.spage=630&rft.epage=633&rft.pages=630-633&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.eissn=1476-4687&rft.coden=NATUAS&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038/nature07178&rft_dat=%3Cgale_proqu%3EA188899715%3C/gale_proqu%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=204472441&rft_id=info:pmid/18668106&rft_galeid=A188899715&rfr_iscdi=true |