The effect of the impedance of a thin hydrogel electrode on sensation during functional electrical stimulation
Abstract Surface functional electrical stimulation results in stimulation of cutaneous receptors and discomfort. The degree of non-uniformity of current distribution in the cutaneous layers in the vicinity of the electrode may influence the sensation experienced. This paper describes the effects on...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Medical engineering & physics 2008-07, Vol.30 (6), p.739-746 |
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| creator | Sha, N Kenney, L.P.J Heller, B.W Barker, A.T Howard, D Wang, W |
| description | Abstract Surface functional electrical stimulation results in stimulation of cutaneous receptors and discomfort. The degree of non-uniformity of current distribution in the cutaneous layers in the vicinity of the electrode may influence the sensation experienced. This paper describes the effects on sensation of a thin, high impedance electrode designed to reduce the non-uniformity of current distribution. Sensation associated with stimulation via a self-adhesive electrode with much higher impedance than conventional electrodes was compared with a low impedance electrode in a single-blinded, crossover study. The high impedance electrode does not alter either the current at which sensation is first registered. However, at higher currents, the high impedance electrode allows 9% more current to be passed for an equivalent sensation to that experienced with the conventional electrode. A 28% decrease in discomfort with the use of the high impedance electrode was also reported. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.medengphy.2007.07.012 |
| format | Article |
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The degree of non-uniformity of current distribution in the cutaneous layers in the vicinity of the electrode may influence the sensation experienced. This paper describes the effects on sensation of a thin, high impedance electrode designed to reduce the non-uniformity of current distribution. Sensation associated with stimulation via a self-adhesive electrode with much higher impedance than conventional electrodes was compared with a low impedance electrode in a single-blinded, crossover study. The high impedance electrode does not alter either the current at which sensation is first registered. However, at higher currents, the high impedance electrode allows 9% more current to be passed for an equivalent sensation to that experienced with the conventional electrode. A 28% decrease in discomfort with the use of the high impedance electrode was also reported.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1350-4533</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-4030</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2007.07.012</identifier><identifier>PMID: 17942361</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Adult ; Biophysical Phenomena ; Biophysics ; Cross-Over Studies ; Electric Impedance ; Electrode ; Electrodes ; Equipment Design ; Female ; FES ; Humans ; Hydrogels ; Impedance ; Leg ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Radiology ; Sensation ; Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation - instrumentation ; Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation - methods</subject><ispartof>Medical engineering & physics, 2008-07, Vol.30 (6), p.739-746</ispartof><rights>IPEM</rights><rights>2007 IPEM</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c521t-1bda7d265dea0aeb1475f392174c662c5ed683ccdea4b5f68ca3acf0e74ab8df3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c521t-1bda7d265dea0aeb1475f392174c662c5ed683ccdea4b5f68ca3acf0e74ab8df3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350453307001531$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3537,27901,27902,65306</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17942361$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Sha, N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kenney, L.P.J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heller, B.W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Barker, A.T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Howard, D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, W</creatorcontrib><title>The effect of the impedance of a thin hydrogel electrode on sensation during functional electrical stimulation</title><title>Medical engineering & physics</title><addtitle>Med Eng Phys</addtitle><description>Abstract Surface functional electrical stimulation results in stimulation of cutaneous receptors and discomfort. The degree of non-uniformity of current distribution in the cutaneous layers in the vicinity of the electrode may influence the sensation experienced. This paper describes the effects on sensation of a thin, high impedance electrode designed to reduce the non-uniformity of current distribution. Sensation associated with stimulation via a self-adhesive electrode with much higher impedance than conventional electrodes was compared with a low impedance electrode in a single-blinded, crossover study. The high impedance electrode does not alter either the current at which sensation is first registered. However, at higher currents, the high impedance electrode allows 9% more current to be passed for an equivalent sensation to that experienced with the conventional electrode. A 28% decrease in discomfort with the use of the high impedance electrode was also reported.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Biophysical Phenomena</subject><subject>Biophysics</subject><subject>Cross-Over Studies</subject><subject>Electric Impedance</subject><subject>Electrode</subject><subject>Electrodes</subject><subject>Equipment Design</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>FES</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hydrogels</subject><subject>Impedance</subject><subject>Leg</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Radiology</subject><subject>Sensation</subject><subject>Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation - instrumentation</subject><subject>Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation - methods</subject><issn>1350-4533</issn><issn>1873-4030</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2008</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkktv1DAQxyMEoi--AuTELcv4vbkgVRVQpEo9tD1bjj3e9ZI4i51U2m-Pwy4gcQFpJM_jZ488_6mqdwRWBIj8sFsN6DBu9tvDigKo1WKEvqjOyVqxhgODl8VnAhouGDurLnLeAQDnkr2uzohqOWWSnFfxcYs1eo92qkdfTyUKwx6diRaXhCmpEOvtwaVxg32NfSHT6Eox1hljNlMonptTiJvaz9EusfkFBlvcPIVh7n-CV9Urb_qMb07nZfX0-dPjzW1zd__l6831XWMFJVNDOmeUo1I4NGCwI1wJz1pKFLdSUivQyTWztpR5J7xcW8OM9YCKm27tPLus3h_f3afx-4x50kPIFvveRBznrGXLhGpB_hMkLVMMhCqgOoI2jTkn9HqfwmDSQRPQiyZ6p39rohdN9GKElptvTy3mrhB_7p1EKMD1EcAykeeASWcbsAjgQipD1G4M_9Hk419v2D7EZfzf8IB5N86pqFL-ozPVoB-W1Vg2AxQAEYywHw1quXw</recordid><startdate>20080701</startdate><enddate>20080701</enddate><creator>Sha, N</creator><creator>Kenney, L.P.J</creator><creator>Heller, B.W</creator><creator>Barker, A.T</creator><creator>Howard, D</creator><creator>Wang, W</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20080701</creationdate><title>The effect of the impedance of a thin hydrogel electrode on sensation during functional electrical stimulation</title><author>Sha, N ; Kenney, L.P.J ; Heller, B.W ; Barker, A.T ; Howard, D ; Wang, W</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c521t-1bda7d265dea0aeb1475f392174c662c5ed683ccdea4b5f68ca3acf0e74ab8df3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2008</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Biophysical Phenomena</topic><topic>Biophysics</topic><topic>Cross-Over Studies</topic><topic>Electric Impedance</topic><topic>Electrode</topic><topic>Electrodes</topic><topic>Equipment Design</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>FES</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hydrogels</topic><topic>Impedance</topic><topic>Leg</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Radiology</topic><topic>Sensation</topic><topic>Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation - instrumentation</topic><topic>Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation - methods</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Sha, N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kenney, L.P.J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heller, B.W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Barker, A.T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Howard, D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, W</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Medical engineering & physics</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Sha, N</au><au>Kenney, L.P.J</au><au>Heller, B.W</au><au>Barker, A.T</au><au>Howard, D</au><au>Wang, W</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The effect of the impedance of a thin hydrogel electrode on sensation during functional electrical stimulation</atitle><jtitle>Medical engineering & physics</jtitle><addtitle>Med Eng Phys</addtitle><date>2008-07-01</date><risdate>2008</risdate><volume>30</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>739</spage><epage>746</epage><pages>739-746</pages><issn>1350-4533</issn><eissn>1873-4030</eissn><abstract>Abstract Surface functional electrical stimulation results in stimulation of cutaneous receptors and discomfort. The degree of non-uniformity of current distribution in the cutaneous layers in the vicinity of the electrode may influence the sensation experienced. This paper describes the effects on sensation of a thin, high impedance electrode designed to reduce the non-uniformity of current distribution. Sensation associated with stimulation via a self-adhesive electrode with much higher impedance than conventional electrodes was compared with a low impedance electrode in a single-blinded, crossover study. The high impedance electrode does not alter either the current at which sensation is first registered. However, at higher currents, the high impedance electrode allows 9% more current to be passed for an equivalent sensation to that experienced with the conventional electrode. 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| identifier | ISSN: 1350-4533 |
| ispartof | Medical engineering & physics, 2008-07, Vol.30 (6), p.739-746 |
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| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals |
| subjects | Adult Biophysical Phenomena Biophysics Cross-Over Studies Electric Impedance Electrode Electrodes Equipment Design Female FES Humans Hydrogels Impedance Leg Male Middle Aged Radiology Sensation Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation - instrumentation Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation - methods |
| title | The effect of the impedance of a thin hydrogel electrode on sensation during functional electrical stimulation |
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