Symbiotic association in Chlorella culture
Chlorella sorokiniana IAM C-212 has long been maintained in slant culture as a mixed strain, representing an associated natural microbial consortium. In this study, the consortium was separated and five nonalgal constituents, a fungal strain (CSSF-1), and four bacterial strains (CSSB-1, CSSB-2, CSSB...
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creator | Watanabe, Keiji Takihana, Noritaka Aoyagi, Hideki Hanada, Satoshi Watanabe, Yoshitomo Ohmura, Naoya Saiki, Hiroshi Tanaka, Hideo |
description | Chlorella sorokiniana IAM C-212 has long been maintained in slant culture as a mixed strain, representing an associated natural microbial consortium. In this study, the consortium was separated and five nonalgal constituents, a fungal strain (CSSF-1), and four bacterial strains (CSSB-1, CSSB-2, CSSB-3, and CSSB-4) were isolated and identified. 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed that strains CSSB-1, CSSB-2, CSSB-3, and CSSB-4 were close to
Ralstonia pickettii (99.8% identity),
Sphingomonas sp. DD38 (99.4% identity),
Microbacterium trichotecenolyticum (98.6% identity), and
Micrococcus luteus (98.6% identity) respectively. 18S rDNA sequence analysis revealed that strain CSSF-1 resembled
Acremonium-like hyphomycete KR21-2 (98.8%). The fungal strain CSSF-1 and one of the bacterial strains, CSSB-3, were found to promote the growth of
Chlorella while the presence of bacterial strains CSSB-1 and CSSB-2 had no effect. Strain CSSB-4 could not be subcultured so its role was not elucidated. These results show that the interaction between
Chlorella and its symbionts under photoautotrophic conditions involved both mutualism and commensalisms. The chlorophyll content of mixed strain was stable in long-term cultivation (7 months) while the chlorophyll content of a pure culture showed a marked decline. Electron microscopic analysis showed the two bacterial strains CSSB-2 and CSSB-3 were harbored on the sheath excreted by
Chlorella, while the fungal strain CSSF-1 and the bacterial strain CSSB-1 directly adhered to the
Chlorella cell surface.
This report is the first observation of a symbiotic relationship among fungus, bacteria, and
Chlorella, and the first observation of direct adhesion of fungus and bacteria to
Chlorella in a consortium. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.femsec.2004.08.004 |
format | Article |
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Ralstonia pickettii (99.8% identity),
Sphingomonas sp. DD38 (99.4% identity),
Microbacterium trichotecenolyticum (98.6% identity), and
Micrococcus luteus (98.6% identity) respectively. 18S rDNA sequence analysis revealed that strain CSSF-1 resembled
Acremonium-like hyphomycete KR21-2 (98.8%). The fungal strain CSSF-1 and one of the bacterial strains, CSSB-3, were found to promote the growth of
Chlorella while the presence of bacterial strains CSSB-1 and CSSB-2 had no effect. Strain CSSB-4 could not be subcultured so its role was not elucidated. These results show that the interaction between
Chlorella and its symbionts under photoautotrophic conditions involved both mutualism and commensalisms. The chlorophyll content of mixed strain was stable in long-term cultivation (7 months) while the chlorophyll content of a pure culture showed a marked decline. Electron microscopic analysis showed the two bacterial strains CSSB-2 and CSSB-3 were harbored on the sheath excreted by
Chlorella, while the fungal strain CSSF-1 and the bacterial strain CSSB-1 directly adhered to the
Chlorella cell surface.
This report is the first observation of a symbiotic relationship among fungus, bacteria, and
Chlorella, and the first observation of direct adhesion of fungus and bacteria to
Chlorella in a consortium.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0168-6496</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1574-6941</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.femsec.2004.08.004</identifier><identifier>PMID: 16329867</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford, UK: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Adhesion ; Bacteria ; Bacteria - classification ; Bacteria - genetics ; Bacteria - isolation & purification ; Bacteria - ultrastructure ; Bacteriology ; Biological and medical sciences ; Cell culture ; Cell surface ; Chlorella ; Chlorella - classification ; Chlorella - microbiology ; Chlorella - ultrastructure ; Chlorophyll ; Consortia ; Cultivation ; Ecology ; Extracellular organic carbon ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Fungi ; Fungi - classification ; Fungi - genetics ; Fungi - isolation & purification ; Fungi - ultrastructure ; Microbiology ; Microorganisms ; Microscopic analysis ; Miscellaneous ; Mutualism ; Mycology ; Phylogeny ; Pure culture ; Ralstonia pickettii ; RNA, Bacterial - analysis ; RNA, Bacterial - genetics ; RNA, Fungal - analysis ; RNA, Fungal - genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S - genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S - genetics ; rRNA 16S ; Sheaths ; Soil bacteria ; Strains (organisms) ; Symbionts ; Symbiosis ; Symbiosis - physiology ; Time Factors</subject><ispartof>FEMS microbiology ecology, 2005, Vol.51 (2), p.187-196</ispartof><rights>2004</rights><rights>2004 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 2004</rights><rights>2005 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>2004 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5537-f6254cdf4d9b5b12365abedb159ac79c159425ac2a009a3ca94ed089dcb016a73</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5537-f6254cdf4d9b5b12365abedb159ac79c159425ac2a009a3ca94ed089dcb016a73</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1016%2Fj.femsec.2004.08.004$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1016%2Fj.femsec.2004.08.004$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,777,781,1412,4010,27904,27905,27906,45555,45556</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=16383329$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16329867$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Watanabe, Keiji</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Takihana, Noritaka</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aoyagi, Hideki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hanada, Satoshi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Watanabe, Yoshitomo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ohmura, Naoya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saiki, Hiroshi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tanaka, Hideo</creatorcontrib><title>Symbiotic association in Chlorella culture</title><title>FEMS microbiology ecology</title><addtitle>FEMS Microbiol Ecol</addtitle><description>Chlorella sorokiniana IAM C-212 has long been maintained in slant culture as a mixed strain, representing an associated natural microbial consortium. In this study, the consortium was separated and five nonalgal constituents, a fungal strain (CSSF-1), and four bacterial strains (CSSB-1, CSSB-2, CSSB-3, and CSSB-4) were isolated and identified. 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed that strains CSSB-1, CSSB-2, CSSB-3, and CSSB-4 were close to
Ralstonia pickettii (99.8% identity),
Sphingomonas sp. DD38 (99.4% identity),
Microbacterium trichotecenolyticum (98.6% identity), and
Micrococcus luteus (98.6% identity) respectively. 18S rDNA sequence analysis revealed that strain CSSF-1 resembled
Acremonium-like hyphomycete KR21-2 (98.8%). The fungal strain CSSF-1 and one of the bacterial strains, CSSB-3, were found to promote the growth of
Chlorella while the presence of bacterial strains CSSB-1 and CSSB-2 had no effect. Strain CSSB-4 could not be subcultured so its role was not elucidated. These results show that the interaction between
Chlorella and its symbionts under photoautotrophic conditions involved both mutualism and commensalisms. The chlorophyll content of mixed strain was stable in long-term cultivation (7 months) while the chlorophyll content of a pure culture showed a marked decline. Electron microscopic analysis showed the two bacterial strains CSSB-2 and CSSB-3 were harbored on the sheath excreted by
Chlorella, while the fungal strain CSSF-1 and the bacterial strain CSSB-1 directly adhered to the
Chlorella cell surface.
This report is the first observation of a symbiotic relationship among fungus, bacteria, and
Chlorella, and the first observation of direct adhesion of fungus and bacteria to
Chlorella in a consortium.</description><subject>Adhesion</subject><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>Bacteria - classification</subject><subject>Bacteria - genetics</subject><subject>Bacteria - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Bacteria - ultrastructure</subject><subject>Bacteriology</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Cell culture</subject><subject>Cell surface</subject><subject>Chlorella</subject><subject>Chlorella - classification</subject><subject>Chlorella - microbiology</subject><subject>Chlorella - ultrastructure</subject><subject>Chlorophyll</subject><subject>Consortia</subject><subject>Cultivation</subject><subject>Ecology</subject><subject>Extracellular organic carbon</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Fungi</subject><subject>Fungi - classification</subject><subject>Fungi - genetics</subject><subject>Fungi - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Fungi - ultrastructure</subject><subject>Microbiology</subject><subject>Microorganisms</subject><subject>Microscopic analysis</subject><subject>Miscellaneous</subject><subject>Mutualism</subject><subject>Mycology</subject><subject>Phylogeny</subject><subject>Pure culture</subject><subject>Ralstonia pickettii</subject><subject>RNA, Bacterial - analysis</subject><subject>RNA, Bacterial - genetics</subject><subject>RNA, Fungal - analysis</subject><subject>RNA, Fungal - genetics</subject><subject>RNA, Ribosomal, 16S - genetics</subject><subject>RNA, Ribosomal, 18S - genetics</subject><subject>rRNA 16S</subject><subject>Sheaths</subject><subject>Soil bacteria</subject><subject>Strains (organisms)</subject><subject>Symbionts</subject><subject>Symbiosis</subject><subject>Symbiosis - physiology</subject><subject>Time Factors</subject><issn>0168-6496</issn><issn>1574-6941</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2005</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkUtr3DAUhUVpSSZp_kEoA6VZFOxI1sPSplCGPAopXbRdC_n6mmqwralkp8y_rwYPNHQRsjqb71x9HBFyyWjJKFPX27LDISGUFaWipLrM8YqsmKxFoYxgr8kqY7pQwqhTcpbSllImuaAn5JQpXhmt6hX5-H0_ND5MHtYupQDeTT6Maz-uN7_6ELHv3RrmfpojviVvOtcnvDjmOfl5e_Njc188fLv7svn8UICUvC46VUkBbSda08iGVVxJ12DbMGkc1AZyiko6qBylxnFwRmBLtWmhyb6u5ufkarm7i-H3jGmyg09wMBkxzMkqnc0rSTP4_j9wG-Y4ZjdbcVozXQvJMyUWCmJIKWJnd9EPLu4to_awpN3aZUl7WNJSbXPk2rvj8bkZsP1XOk6XgQ9HwCVwfRfdCD495TTPaOb0wv3xPe5f9Li9vfma7XP1eqmGefdS609LA_MHPXqMNoHHEbD1EWGybfDPH_gLlOqyeg</recordid><startdate>2005</startdate><enddate>2005</enddate><creator>Watanabe, Keiji</creator><creator>Takihana, Noritaka</creator><creator>Aoyagi, Hideki</creator><creator>Hanada, Satoshi</creator><creator>Watanabe, Yoshitomo</creator><creator>Ohmura, Naoya</creator><creator>Saiki, Hiroshi</creator><creator>Tanaka, Hideo</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Blackwell</general><general>Oxford University Press</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>2005</creationdate><title>Symbiotic association in Chlorella culture</title><author>Watanabe, Keiji ; Takihana, Noritaka ; Aoyagi, Hideki ; Hanada, Satoshi ; Watanabe, Yoshitomo ; Ohmura, Naoya ; Saiki, Hiroshi ; Tanaka, Hideo</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c5537-f6254cdf4d9b5b12365abedb159ac79c159425ac2a009a3ca94ed089dcb016a73</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2005</creationdate><topic>Adhesion</topic><topic>Bacteria</topic><topic>Bacteria - classification</topic><topic>Bacteria - genetics</topic><topic>Bacteria - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Bacteria - ultrastructure</topic><topic>Bacteriology</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Cell culture</topic><topic>Cell surface</topic><topic>Chlorella</topic><topic>Chlorella - classification</topic><topic>Chlorella - microbiology</topic><topic>Chlorella - ultrastructure</topic><topic>Chlorophyll</topic><topic>Consortia</topic><topic>Cultivation</topic><topic>Ecology</topic><topic>Extracellular organic carbon</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Fungi</topic><topic>Fungi - classification</topic><topic>Fungi - genetics</topic><topic>Fungi - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Fungi - ultrastructure</topic><topic>Microbiology</topic><topic>Microorganisms</topic><topic>Microscopic analysis</topic><topic>Miscellaneous</topic><topic>Mutualism</topic><topic>Mycology</topic><topic>Phylogeny</topic><topic>Pure culture</topic><topic>Ralstonia pickettii</topic><topic>RNA, Bacterial - analysis</topic><topic>RNA, Bacterial - genetics</topic><topic>RNA, Fungal - analysis</topic><topic>RNA, Fungal - genetics</topic><topic>RNA, Ribosomal, 16S - genetics</topic><topic>RNA, Ribosomal, 18S - genetics</topic><topic>rRNA 16S</topic><topic>Sheaths</topic><topic>Soil bacteria</topic><topic>Strains (organisms)</topic><topic>Symbionts</topic><topic>Symbiosis</topic><topic>Symbiosis - physiology</topic><topic>Time Factors</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Watanabe, Keiji</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Takihana, Noritaka</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aoyagi, Hideki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hanada, Satoshi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Watanabe, Yoshitomo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ohmura, Naoya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saiki, Hiroshi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tanaka, Hideo</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>FEMS microbiology ecology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Watanabe, Keiji</au><au>Takihana, Noritaka</au><au>Aoyagi, Hideki</au><au>Hanada, Satoshi</au><au>Watanabe, Yoshitomo</au><au>Ohmura, Naoya</au><au>Saiki, Hiroshi</au><au>Tanaka, Hideo</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Symbiotic association in Chlorella culture</atitle><jtitle>FEMS microbiology ecology</jtitle><addtitle>FEMS Microbiol Ecol</addtitle><date>2005</date><risdate>2005</risdate><volume>51</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>187</spage><epage>196</epage><pages>187-196</pages><issn>0168-6496</issn><eissn>1574-6941</eissn><abstract>Chlorella sorokiniana IAM C-212 has long been maintained in slant culture as a mixed strain, representing an associated natural microbial consortium. In this study, the consortium was separated and five nonalgal constituents, a fungal strain (CSSF-1), and four bacterial strains (CSSB-1, CSSB-2, CSSB-3, and CSSB-4) were isolated and identified. 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed that strains CSSB-1, CSSB-2, CSSB-3, and CSSB-4 were close to
Ralstonia pickettii (99.8% identity),
Sphingomonas sp. DD38 (99.4% identity),
Microbacterium trichotecenolyticum (98.6% identity), and
Micrococcus luteus (98.6% identity) respectively. 18S rDNA sequence analysis revealed that strain CSSF-1 resembled
Acremonium-like hyphomycete KR21-2 (98.8%). The fungal strain CSSF-1 and one of the bacterial strains, CSSB-3, were found to promote the growth of
Chlorella while the presence of bacterial strains CSSB-1 and CSSB-2 had no effect. Strain CSSB-4 could not be subcultured so its role was not elucidated. These results show that the interaction between
Chlorella and its symbionts under photoautotrophic conditions involved both mutualism and commensalisms. The chlorophyll content of mixed strain was stable in long-term cultivation (7 months) while the chlorophyll content of a pure culture showed a marked decline. Electron microscopic analysis showed the two bacterial strains CSSB-2 and CSSB-3 were harbored on the sheath excreted by
Chlorella, while the fungal strain CSSF-1 and the bacterial strain CSSB-1 directly adhered to the
Chlorella cell surface.
This report is the first observation of a symbiotic relationship among fungus, bacteria, and
Chlorella, and the first observation of direct adhesion of fungus and bacteria to
Chlorella in a consortium.</abstract><cop>Oxford, UK</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><pmid>16329867</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.femsec.2004.08.004</doi><tpages>10</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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ispartof | FEMS microbiology ecology, 2005, Vol.51 (2), p.187-196 |
issn | 0168-6496 1574-6941 |
language | eng |
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source | MEDLINE; Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Oxford Journals Open Access Collection; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
subjects | Adhesion Bacteria Bacteria - classification Bacteria - genetics Bacteria - isolation & purification Bacteria - ultrastructure Bacteriology Biological and medical sciences Cell culture Cell surface Chlorella Chlorella - classification Chlorella - microbiology Chlorella - ultrastructure Chlorophyll Consortia Cultivation Ecology Extracellular organic carbon Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Fungi Fungi - classification Fungi - genetics Fungi - isolation & purification Fungi - ultrastructure Microbiology Microorganisms Microscopic analysis Miscellaneous Mutualism Mycology Phylogeny Pure culture Ralstonia pickettii RNA, Bacterial - analysis RNA, Bacterial - genetics RNA, Fungal - analysis RNA, Fungal - genetics RNA, Ribosomal, 16S - genetics RNA, Ribosomal, 18S - genetics rRNA 16S Sheaths Soil bacteria Strains (organisms) Symbionts Symbiosis Symbiosis - physiology Time Factors |
title | Symbiotic association in Chlorella culture |
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