Management of Obstructing Pulmonary Broncholithiasis With Three-Dimensional Imaging and Holmium Laser Lithotripsy

Major airway obstruction due to broncholithiasis produces significant morbidity, and management is difficult. Many of the patients are elderly and are not good candidates for surgical removal. Bronchoscopic removal may be limited due to anatomic considerations, skill of the bronchoscopist, and expos...

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