Is lead considered as a risk factor for high blood pressure during menopause period among Saudi women?
This case–control study was designed to examine the association between blood lead levels and high blood pressure in a restricted subpopulation, Saudi women who were 45–93-year old, during or after menopausal period and not occupationally exposed to lead. Blood lead levels were assessed in 100 women...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | International journal of hygiene and environmental health 2005-01, Vol.208 (5), p.341-356 |
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| container_title | International journal of hygiene and environmental health |
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| creator | Al-Saleh, Iman Shinwari, Neptune Mashhour, Abdulla El-Din Mohamed, Gamal Ghosh, Mohammad Abu Shammasi, Zaki Al-Nasser, Abdulaziz |
| description | This case–control study was designed to examine the association between blood lead levels and high blood pressure in a restricted subpopulation, Saudi women who were 45–93-year old, during or after menopausal period and not occupationally exposed to lead. Blood lead levels were assessed in 100 women with hypertension and 85 control subjects. Lead concentrations were measured in the whole blood using flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Blood pressure measurements were performed according to the World Health Organization recommendations. Results revealed that the mean blood lead levels for hypertensive were 47.52±39.26 and 45.59±28.55
μg/l for controls. Participants were classified according to the median of blood lead levels in order to compute odds ratios. After controlling a number of potential confounding variables, the multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that women with blood lead levels of ⩾38.6
μg/l were 5.27 times more likely to be hypertensive than those with blood lead levels of |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.04.004 |
| format | Article |
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μg/l for controls. Participants were classified according to the median of blood lead levels in order to compute odds ratios. After controlling a number of potential confounding variables, the multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that women with blood lead levels of ⩾38.6
μg/l were 5.27 times more likely to be hypertensive than those with blood lead levels of <38.6
μg/l, but of borderline significance (
p
=
0.06
). Although such observation might support the hypothesis that the depletion of lead from bones during menopause increases blood lead levels placing women at increased risk for high blood pressure, there is a need for further studies with larger number of subjects.
A number of risk factors, which were suspected to influence blood lead levels, were also investigated. Use of Kohl, duration of its use, osteoporosis disease and intake of calcium supplements were significantly associated with blood lead levels.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1438-4639</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1618-131X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.04.004</identifier><identifier>PMID: 16217919</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Jena: Elsevier GmbH</publisher><subject>Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Air. Soil. Water. Waste. Feeding ; Arterial hypertension. Arterial hypotension ; Biological and medical sciences ; Blood and lymphatic vessels ; Blood lead levels ; Blood Pressure Determination ; Cardiology. Vascular system ; Case-Control Studies ; Clinical manifestations. Epidemiology. Investigative techniques. Etiology ; Environment. Living conditions ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Hypertension - epidemiology ; Hypertension - etiology ; Lead - blood ; Logistic Models ; Medical sciences ; Menopause ; Middle Aged ; Public health. Hygiene ; Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine ; Risk Factors ; Saudi Arabia ; Saudi Arabia - epidemiology ; Toxicology ; Women's Health</subject><ispartof>International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 2005-01, Vol.208 (5), p.341-356</ispartof><rights>2005 Elsevier GmbH</rights><rights>2005 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c418t-2c684a5303891121ae1ec4cb762889e347003b5565a04a182f06f7f1159d8f113</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c418t-2c684a5303891121ae1ec4cb762889e347003b5565a04a182f06f7f1159d8f113</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438463905000702$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3537,27901,27902,65534</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=17101247$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16217919$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Al-Saleh, Iman</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shinwari, Neptune</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mashhour, Abdulla</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>El-Din Mohamed, Gamal</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ghosh, Mohammad Abu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shammasi, Zaki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Al-Nasser, Abdulaziz</creatorcontrib><title>Is lead considered as a risk factor for high blood pressure during menopause period among Saudi women?</title><title>International journal of hygiene and environmental health</title><addtitle>Int J Hyg Environ Health</addtitle><description>This case–control study was designed to examine the association between blood lead levels and high blood pressure in a restricted subpopulation, Saudi women who were 45–93-year old, during or after menopausal period and not occupationally exposed to lead. Blood lead levels were assessed in 100 women with hypertension and 85 control subjects. Lead concentrations were measured in the whole blood using flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Blood pressure measurements were performed according to the World Health Organization recommendations. Results revealed that the mean blood lead levels for hypertensive were 47.52±39.26 and 45.59±28.55
μg/l for controls. Participants were classified according to the median of blood lead levels in order to compute odds ratios. After controlling a number of potential confounding variables, the multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that women with blood lead levels of ⩾38.6
μg/l were 5.27 times more likely to be hypertensive than those with blood lead levels of <38.6
μg/l, but of borderline significance (
p
=
0.06
). Although such observation might support the hypothesis that the depletion of lead from bones during menopause increases blood lead levels placing women at increased risk for high blood pressure, there is a need for further studies with larger number of subjects.
A number of risk factors, which were suspected to influence blood lead levels, were also investigated. Use of Kohl, duration of its use, osteoporosis disease and intake of calcium supplements were significantly associated with blood lead levels.</description><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Aged, 80 and over</subject><subject>Air. Soil. Water. Waste. Feeding</subject><subject>Arterial hypertension. Arterial hypotension</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Blood and lymphatic vessels</subject><subject>Blood lead levels</subject><subject>Blood Pressure Determination</subject><subject>Cardiology. Vascular system</subject><subject>Case-Control Studies</subject><subject>Clinical manifestations. Epidemiology. Investigative techniques. Etiology</subject><subject>Environment. Living conditions</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hypertension</subject><subject>Hypertension - epidemiology</subject><subject>Hypertension - etiology</subject><subject>Lead - blood</subject><subject>Logistic Models</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Menopause</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Public health. Hygiene</subject><subject>Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Saudi Arabia</subject><subject>Saudi Arabia - epidemiology</subject><subject>Toxicology</subject><subject>Women's Health</subject><issn>1438-4639</issn><issn>1618-131X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2005</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkV1rFTEQhoNYbK3-AkFyo3e7zeRrsxcipfhRKHihgnchJ5ntyXF3syZnLf33pp4DvdOLYYaZZ16GeQl5BawFBvpi18bdFrctZ0y1TLaMySfkDDSYBgT8eFprKUwjtehPyfNSdoxxYKZ_Rk5Bc-h66M_IcF3oiC5Qn-YSA2YM1BXqaI7lJx2c36dMhxrbeLulmzGlQJeMpawZaVhznG_phHNa3FqQLphjBdyUavurW0Okd6mO378gJ4MbC7485nPy_eOHb1efm5svn66vLm8aL8HsG-61kU4JJkwPwMEhoJd-02luTI9CdoyJjVJaOSYdGD4wPXQDgOqDqUmck7cH3SWnXyuWvZ1i8TiObsa0FquN7pTq1H9B6BUYzfsKigPocyol42CXHCeX7y0w--CD3dm_PtgHHyyTtvpQt14f5dfNhOFx5_j4Crw5Aq54Nw7ZzT6WR66r0lx2lXt34LB-7XfEbIuPOHsMMaPf25DiPw_5Awgkpeg</recordid><startdate>20050101</startdate><enddate>20050101</enddate><creator>Al-Saleh, Iman</creator><creator>Shinwari, Neptune</creator><creator>Mashhour, Abdulla</creator><creator>El-Din Mohamed, Gamal</creator><creator>Ghosh, Mohammad Abu</creator><creator>Shammasi, Zaki</creator><creator>Al-Nasser, Abdulaziz</creator><general>Elsevier GmbH</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7U1</scope><scope>7U2</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20050101</creationdate><title>Is lead considered as a risk factor for high blood pressure during menopause period among Saudi women?</title><author>Al-Saleh, Iman ; Shinwari, Neptune ; Mashhour, Abdulla ; El-Din Mohamed, Gamal ; Ghosh, Mohammad Abu ; Shammasi, Zaki ; Al-Nasser, Abdulaziz</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c418t-2c684a5303891121ae1ec4cb762889e347003b5565a04a182f06f7f1159d8f113</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2005</creationdate><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Aged, 80 and over</topic><topic>Air. Soil. Water. Waste. Feeding</topic><topic>Arterial hypertension. Arterial hypotension</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Blood and lymphatic vessels</topic><topic>Blood lead levels</topic><topic>Blood Pressure Determination</topic><topic>Cardiology. Vascular system</topic><topic>Case-Control Studies</topic><topic>Clinical manifestations. Epidemiology. Investigative techniques. Etiology</topic><topic>Environment. Living conditions</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hypertension</topic><topic>Hypertension - epidemiology</topic><topic>Hypertension - etiology</topic><topic>Lead - blood</topic><topic>Logistic Models</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Menopause</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Public health. Hygiene</topic><topic>Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Saudi Arabia</topic><topic>Saudi Arabia - epidemiology</topic><topic>Toxicology</topic><topic>Women's Health</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Al-Saleh, Iman</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shinwari, Neptune</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mashhour, Abdulla</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>El-Din Mohamed, Gamal</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ghosh, Mohammad Abu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shammasi, Zaki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Al-Nasser, Abdulaziz</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Risk Abstracts</collection><collection>Safety Science and Risk</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>International journal of hygiene and environmental health</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Al-Saleh, Iman</au><au>Shinwari, Neptune</au><au>Mashhour, Abdulla</au><au>El-Din Mohamed, Gamal</au><au>Ghosh, Mohammad Abu</au><au>Shammasi, Zaki</au><au>Al-Nasser, Abdulaziz</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Is lead considered as a risk factor for high blood pressure during menopause period among Saudi women?</atitle><jtitle>International journal of hygiene and environmental health</jtitle><addtitle>Int J Hyg Environ Health</addtitle><date>2005-01-01</date><risdate>2005</risdate><volume>208</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>341</spage><epage>356</epage><pages>341-356</pages><issn>1438-4639</issn><eissn>1618-131X</eissn><abstract>This case–control study was designed to examine the association between blood lead levels and high blood pressure in a restricted subpopulation, Saudi women who were 45–93-year old, during or after menopausal period and not occupationally exposed to lead. Blood lead levels were assessed in 100 women with hypertension and 85 control subjects. Lead concentrations were measured in the whole blood using flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Blood pressure measurements were performed according to the World Health Organization recommendations. Results revealed that the mean blood lead levels for hypertensive were 47.52±39.26 and 45.59±28.55
μg/l for controls. Participants were classified according to the median of blood lead levels in order to compute odds ratios. After controlling a number of potential confounding variables, the multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that women with blood lead levels of ⩾38.6
μg/l were 5.27 times more likely to be hypertensive than those with blood lead levels of <38.6
μg/l, but of borderline significance (
p
=
0.06
). Although such observation might support the hypothesis that the depletion of lead from bones during menopause increases blood lead levels placing women at increased risk for high blood pressure, there is a need for further studies with larger number of subjects.
A number of risk factors, which were suspected to influence blood lead levels, were also investigated. Use of Kohl, duration of its use, osteoporosis disease and intake of calcium supplements were significantly associated with blood lead levels.</abstract><cop>Jena</cop><pub>Elsevier GmbH</pub><pmid>16217919</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.04.004</doi><tpages>16</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1438-4639 |
| ispartof | International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 2005-01, Vol.208 (5), p.341-356 |
| issn | 1438-4639 1618-131X |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals |
| subjects | Aged Aged, 80 and over Air. Soil. Water. Waste. Feeding Arterial hypertension. Arterial hypotension Biological and medical sciences Blood and lymphatic vessels Blood lead levels Blood Pressure Determination Cardiology. Vascular system Case-Control Studies Clinical manifestations. Epidemiology. Investigative techniques. Etiology Environment. Living conditions Female Humans Hypertension Hypertension - epidemiology Hypertension - etiology Lead - blood Logistic Models Medical sciences Menopause Middle Aged Public health. Hygiene Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine Risk Factors Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia - epidemiology Toxicology Women's Health |
| title | Is lead considered as a risk factor for high blood pressure during menopause period among Saudi women? |
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