Gradients of cone differentiation and FGF expression during development of the foveal depression in macaque retina

Cones in the foveola of adult primate retina are narrower and more elongated than cones on the foveal rim, which in turn, are narrower and more elongated than those located more eccentric. This gradient of cone morphology is directly correlated with cone density and acuity. Here we investigate the h...

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Veröffentlicht in:Visual neuroscience 2005-07, Vol.22 (4), p.447-459
Hauptverfasser: CORNISH, ELISA E., MADIGAN, MICHELE C., NATOLI, RICCARDO, HALES, ANGELA, HENDRICKSON, ANITA E., PROVIS, JAN M.
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container_end_page 459
container_issue 4
container_start_page 447
container_title Visual neuroscience
container_volume 22
creator CORNISH, ELISA E.
MADIGAN, MICHELE C.
NATOLI, RICCARDO
HALES, ANGELA
HENDRICKSON, ANITA E.
PROVIS, JAN M.
description Cones in the foveola of adult primate retina are narrower and more elongated than cones on the foveal rim, which in turn, are narrower and more elongated than those located more eccentric. This gradient of cone morphology is directly correlated with cone density and acuity. Here we investigate the hypothesis that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling mediates the morphological differentiation of foveal cones—in particular, the mechanism regulating the elongation of foveal cones. We used immunoreactivity to FGF receptor (R) 4, and quantitative analysis to study cone elongation on the horizontal meridian of macaque retinae, aged between foetal day (Fd) 95 and 2.5 years postnatal (P 2.5y). We also used in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to investigate the expression patterns of FGF2 and FGFR1–4 at the developing fovea, and three other sample locations on the horizontal meridian. Labeled RNA was detected using the fluorescent marker “Fast Red” (Roche) and levels of expression in cone inner segments and in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) were compared using confocal microscopy, optical densitometry, and tested for statistical significance. Our results show that morphological differentiation of cones begins near the optic disc around Fd 95, progressing toward the developing fovea up until birth, approximately. Levels of FGF2 and FGFR4 mRNAs expression are low in foveal cones, compared with cones closer to the optic disc, during this period. There is no similar gradient of FGF2 mRNA expression in the ganglion cell layer of the same sections. Maturation of foveal cones is delayed until the postnatal period. The results suggest that a wave of cone differentiation spreads from the disc region toward the developing fovea during the second half of gestation in the macaque. A gradient of expression of FGFR4 and FGF2 associated with the wave of differentiation suggests that FGF signalling mediates cone narrowing and elongation.
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Our results show that morphological differentiation of cones begins near the optic disc around Fd 95, progressing toward the developing fovea up until birth, approximately. Levels of FGF2 and FGFR4 mRNAs expression are low in foveal cones, compared with cones closer to the optic disc, during this period. There is no similar gradient of FGF2 mRNA expression in the ganglion cell layer of the same sections. Maturation of foveal cones is delayed until the postnatal period. The results suggest that a wave of cone differentiation spreads from the disc region toward the developing fovea during the second half of gestation in the macaque. 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This gradient of cone morphology is directly correlated with cone density and acuity. Here we investigate the hypothesis that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling mediates the morphological differentiation of foveal cones—in particular, the mechanism regulating the elongation of foveal cones. We used immunoreactivity to FGF receptor (R) 4, and quantitative analysis to study cone elongation on the horizontal meridian of macaque retinae, aged between foetal day (Fd) 95 and 2.5 years postnatal (P 2.5y). We also used in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to investigate the expression patterns of FGF2 and FGFR1–4 at the developing fovea, and three other sample locations on the horizontal meridian. Labeled RNA was detected using the fluorescent marker “Fast Red” (Roche) and levels of expression in cone inner segments and in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) were compared using confocal microscopy, optical densitometry, and tested for statistical significance. 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subjects Animals
Animals, Newborn
Apoptosis
Biological and medical sciences
Cell Count - methods
Cell cycle
Cell Differentiation - physiology
Cell Size
Cesarean section
Cone morphogenesis
Embryo, Mammalian
Eye and associated structures. Visual pathways and centers. Vision
Fibroblast growth factors
Fibroblast Growth Factors - physiology
Fovea centralis
Fovea Centralis - cytology
Fovea Centralis - growth & development
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental - physiology
Heparan sulfate
Immunohistochemistry - methods
In Situ Hybridization - methods
Macaca
Packaging
Primate
Primates
Proteins
Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor - classification
Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor - genetics
Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor - metabolism
Retina
Retina - cytology
Retina - embryology
Retina - growth & development
Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells - physiology
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction - methods
RNA, Messenger - metabolism
Studies
Vertebrates: nervous system and sense organs
title Gradients of cone differentiation and FGF expression during development of the foveal depression in macaque retina
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