New Insights into Ultrastructure, Lipid Composition and Organization of Vernix Caseosa
The upper layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum (SC), is very important for skin barrier function. During the last trimester of gestation, the SC of the fetus is protected by a cheesy, white biofilm called vernix caseosa (VC). VC consists of water-containing corneocytes embedded in a lipid mat...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of investigative dermatology 2006-08, Vol.126 (8), p.1823-1833 |
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| container_title | Journal of investigative dermatology |
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| creator | Rissmann, Robert Groenink, Hendrik W.W. Weerheim, Arij M. Hoath, Steven B. Ponec, Maria Bouwstra, Joke A. |
| description | The upper layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum (SC), is very important for skin barrier function. During the last trimester of gestation, the SC of the fetus is protected by a cheesy, white biofilm called vernix caseosa (VC). VC consists of water-containing corneocytes embedded in a lipid matrix and the basic structure shows certain similarities with the SC. This study aimed to characterize VC, with the main focus on an integral analysis of free and (to the corneocytes) bound lipids, on the lipid organization, and on ultrastructure. Free lipids of VC show a wide distribution in polarity; nonpolar lipids such as sterol esters and triglycerides predominate, having a chain length of up to 32 carbon atoms. The profile of fatty acids, ω-hydroxyacids and ω-hydroxyceramides – representing the bound lipids of VC – shows high similarity to that of SC. Morphological studies revealed the presence of highly hydrated corneocytes embedded in lipids, the latter being occasionally accumulated as lipid pools. Freeze fracture electron microscopy showed smooth surfaces of corneocytes and a heterogeneous appearance of intercellular lipids. The results suggest a lower degree of ordering of VC lipids as compared to the SC. A small-angle X-ray diffraction study showed similar results. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1038/sj.jid.5700305 |
| format | Article |
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During the last trimester of gestation, the SC of the fetus is protected by a cheesy, white biofilm called vernix caseosa (VC). VC consists of water-containing corneocytes embedded in a lipid matrix and the basic structure shows certain similarities with the SC. This study aimed to characterize VC, with the main focus on an integral analysis of free and (to the corneocytes) bound lipids, on the lipid organization, and on ultrastructure. Free lipids of VC show a wide distribution in polarity; nonpolar lipids such as sterol esters and triglycerides predominate, having a chain length of up to 32 carbon atoms. The profile of fatty acids, ω-hydroxyacids and ω-hydroxyceramides – representing the bound lipids of VC – shows high similarity to that of SC. Morphological studies revealed the presence of highly hydrated corneocytes embedded in lipids, the latter being occasionally accumulated as lipid pools. Freeze fracture electron microscopy showed smooth surfaces of corneocytes and a heterogeneous appearance of intercellular lipids. The results suggest a lower degree of ordering of VC lipids as compared to the SC. A small-angle X-ray diffraction study showed similar results.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0022-202X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1523-1747</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700305</identifier><identifier>PMID: 16628195</identifier><identifier>CODEN: JIDEAE</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Danvers, MA: Elsevier Inc</publisher><subject>Biological and medical sciences ; Ceramides - analysis ; Ceramides - metabolism ; Dermatology ; Epidermis - chemistry ; Epidermis - metabolism ; Epidermis - ultrastructure ; Fatty Acids - analysis ; Fatty Acids - metabolism ; Freeze Fracturing ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Medical sciences ; Membrane Lipids - analysis ; Membrane Lipids - metabolism ; Molecular Weight ; Vernix Caseosa - chemistry ; Vernix Caseosa - metabolism ; Water - chemistry ; X-Ray Diffraction</subject><ispartof>Journal of investigative dermatology, 2006-08, Vol.126 (8), p.1823-1833</ispartof><rights>2006 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc</rights><rights>2006 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright Nature Publishing Group Aug 2006</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c461t-2de869e1128ec666a01d2ea4d7b9c3ae828e06301b1909e5227fae40f67388573</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c461t-2de869e1128ec666a01d2ea4d7b9c3ae828e06301b1909e5227fae40f67388573</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/210365158?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,64385,64387,64389,72469</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=18066876$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16628195$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Rissmann, Robert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Groenink, Hendrik W.W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Weerheim, Arij M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hoath, Steven B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ponec, Maria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bouwstra, Joke A.</creatorcontrib><title>New Insights into Ultrastructure, Lipid Composition and Organization of Vernix Caseosa</title><title>Journal of investigative dermatology</title><addtitle>J Invest Dermatol</addtitle><description>The upper layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum (SC), is very important for skin barrier function. During the last trimester of gestation, the SC of the fetus is protected by a cheesy, white biofilm called vernix caseosa (VC). VC consists of water-containing corneocytes embedded in a lipid matrix and the basic structure shows certain similarities with the SC. This study aimed to characterize VC, with the main focus on an integral analysis of free and (to the corneocytes) bound lipids, on the lipid organization, and on ultrastructure. Free lipids of VC show a wide distribution in polarity; nonpolar lipids such as sterol esters and triglycerides predominate, having a chain length of up to 32 carbon atoms. The profile of fatty acids, ω-hydroxyacids and ω-hydroxyceramides – representing the bound lipids of VC – shows high similarity to that of SC. Morphological studies revealed the presence of highly hydrated corneocytes embedded in lipids, the latter being occasionally accumulated as lipid pools. Freeze fracture electron microscopy showed smooth surfaces of corneocytes and a heterogeneous appearance of intercellular lipids. The results suggest a lower degree of ordering of VC lipids as compared to the SC. A small-angle X-ray diffraction study showed similar results.</description><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Ceramides - analysis</subject><subject>Ceramides - metabolism</subject><subject>Dermatology</subject><subject>Epidermis - chemistry</subject><subject>Epidermis - metabolism</subject><subject>Epidermis - ultrastructure</subject><subject>Fatty Acids - analysis</subject><subject>Fatty Acids - metabolism</subject><subject>Freeze Fracturing</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infant, Newborn</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Membrane Lipids - analysis</subject><subject>Membrane Lipids - metabolism</subject><subject>Molecular Weight</subject><subject>Vernix Caseosa - chemistry</subject><subject>Vernix Caseosa - metabolism</subject><subject>Water - chemistry</subject><subject>X-Ray Diffraction</subject><issn>0022-202X</issn><issn>1523-1747</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2006</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kE2LFDEQhoMo7rh69aYEQU_2mKQ76fRxGfxYGNyLu3gLmXT1mqYnGVNpv369WadxQPBUUPXUW8VDyFPO1pzV-g2O69H3a9kyVjN5j6y4FHXF26a9T1aMCVEJJj6fkUeII2NcNVI_JGdcKaF5J1fk5iN8p5cB_e2XjNSHHOn1lJPFnGaX5wSv6dYffE83cX-I6LOPgdrQ06t0a4P_Zf804kBvIAX_g24sQkT7mDwY7ITwZKnn5Prd20-bD9X26v3l5mJbuUbxXIketOqAc6HBKaUs470A2_TtrnO1BV36TNWM73jHOpBCtIOFhg2qrbWWbX1OXh1zDyl-nQGz2Xt0ME02QJzRKK1kCRAFfPEPOMY5hfKbEUWkklzqAq2PkEsRMcFgDsnvbfppODN3ug2Opug2i-6y8HxJnXd76E_44rcALxfAorPTkGxwHk-cZkrpVhXu2ZEL9k76X-B0SB_nUGR-85AMOg_BQe8TuGz66P_342-VNaUb</recordid><startdate>20060801</startdate><enddate>20060801</enddate><creator>Rissmann, Robert</creator><creator>Groenink, Hendrik W.W.</creator><creator>Weerheim, Arij M.</creator><creator>Hoath, Steven B.</creator><creator>Ponec, Maria</creator><creator>Bouwstra, Joke A.</creator><general>Elsevier Inc</general><general>Nature Publishing</general><general>Elsevier Limited</general><scope>6I.</scope><scope>AAFTH</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20060801</creationdate><title>New Insights into Ultrastructure, Lipid Composition and Organization of Vernix Caseosa</title><author>Rissmann, Robert ; 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| subjects | Biological and medical sciences Ceramides - analysis Ceramides - metabolism Dermatology Epidermis - chemistry Epidermis - metabolism Epidermis - ultrastructure Fatty Acids - analysis Fatty Acids - metabolism Freeze Fracturing Humans Infant, Newborn Medical sciences Membrane Lipids - analysis Membrane Lipids - metabolism Molecular Weight Vernix Caseosa - chemistry Vernix Caseosa - metabolism Water - chemistry X-Ray Diffraction |
| title | New Insights into Ultrastructure, Lipid Composition and Organization of Vernix Caseosa |
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