LC Characterisation of Guaco Medicinal Extracts, Mikania laevigata and M. glomerata, and their Effects on Allergic Pneumonitis

Abstract The leaves of guaco (MIKANIA GLOMERATA and M. LAEVIGATA) are widely used for the treatment of asthma and bronchitis. An LC method for the quantification of coumarin and O-coumaric acid in medicinal extracts was developed and validated for linearity, limit of detection, accuracy, precision, as well as intra- and inter-day variations. Extracts and isolated markers were tested in the mice allergic pneumonitis model and the histopathological profile of the lung tissue was analysed. The values found for coumarin and O-coumaric acid in a fluid extract were 1.53 and 1.69 mg/mL, respectively, for M. GLOMERATA, and 0.96 and 0.38 mg/mL for M. LAEVIGATA. The values found for the lyophilised aqueous extract were 0.22 and 0.11 mg/mL of coumarin and O-coumaric acid in M. GLOMERATA and 0.05 and 0.02 mg/mL in M. LAEVIGATA, respectively. The analysed samples from the species M. GLOMERATA presented more coumarin and O-coumaric acid than the analogous M. LAEVIGATA species. Both coumarin and O-coumaric acid are part of the phytocomplex which is responsible for the therapeutic activity of the guaco species. The lyophilisation process generated some alterations in the extract, in comparison with the fresh aqueous extract, and these extracts did not present anti-inflammatory activity. Comparing the histopathological images of the groups tested, a haemorrhagic profile of lung tissue of animals treated with lyophilised extract, O-coumaric acid and coumarin is observed, but not for the group treated with hydroalcoholic extract. It is probable that some protective effect of the whole extract (lost during the lyophilisation process) blocks the harmful effects of the isolated markers.