Measuring the executive functions in schizophrenia: The voluntary allocation of effort
Executive functioning reflects not only what a patient does, but also how he does it or whether he does it at all [Lezak MD. The problem of assessing executive functions. Int. J. Psychol. 17 (1982) 281]. Standard test procedures strongly prompt subjects to certain behavior, so that initiative and th...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of psychiatric research 2005-11, Vol.39 (6), p.585-593 |
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| creator | van Beilen, Marije van Zomeren, Ed H. van den Bosch, Robert J. Withaar, Frederiec K. Bouma, Anke |
| description | Executive functioning reflects not only
what a patient does, but also
how he does it or
whether he does it at all [Lezak MD. The problem of assessing executive functions. Int. J. Psychol. 17 (1982) 281]. Standard test procedures strongly prompt subjects to certain behavior, so that initiative and the amount of voluntary effort one is willing to invest are therefore not being adequately assessed.
We developed the Cognitive Effort Test (CET); a test for executive functioning specifically aimed at measuring subject’s free initiatives, and the amount of effort they invest voluntarily. It is a complex planning task, and performance is being judged by three subscales: Initiative, Planning, and Workload. 36 schizophrenia patients and 30 healthy controls were tested with the CET, and a battery of other cognitive tests (executive functioning, memory, attention and psychomotor speed) was added to investigate construct and divergent validity. Negative symptoms were also recorded (predictive validity).
Patients scored below controls on Planning and Workload, but not on Initiative. The CET was significantly related to other tests for cognition but not to negative symptoms. CET Planning and Workload predicted group membership (patients-controls) better than the other tests for executive functioning combined.
The CET appears to be a clinically useful test that measures an aspect of schizophrenia that is not being assessed by existing tests, presumably the voluntarily allocation of effort. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.02.001 |
| format | Article |
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what a patient does, but also
how he does it or
whether he does it at all [Lezak MD. The problem of assessing executive functions. Int. J. Psychol. 17 (1982) 281]. Standard test procedures strongly prompt subjects to certain behavior, so that initiative and the amount of voluntary effort one is willing to invest are therefore not being adequately assessed.
We developed the Cognitive Effort Test (CET); a test for executive functioning specifically aimed at measuring subject’s free initiatives, and the amount of effort they invest voluntarily. It is a complex planning task, and performance is being judged by three subscales: Initiative, Planning, and Workload. 36 schizophrenia patients and 30 healthy controls were tested with the CET, and a battery of other cognitive tests (executive functioning, memory, attention and psychomotor speed) was added to investigate construct and divergent validity. Negative symptoms were also recorded (predictive validity).
Patients scored below controls on Planning and Workload, but not on Initiative. The CET was significantly related to other tests for cognition but not to negative symptoms. CET Planning and Workload predicted group membership (patients-controls) better than the other tests for executive functioning combined.
The CET appears to be a clinically useful test that measures an aspect of schizophrenia that is not being assessed by existing tests, presumably the voluntarily allocation of effort.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0022-3956</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-1379</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.02.001</identifier><identifier>PMID: 16157161</identifier><identifier>CODEN: JPYRA3</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Adult ; Adult and adolescent clinical studies ; Attention ; Biological and medical sciences ; Case-Control Studies ; Cognition ; Executive functions ; Female ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Humans ; Initiation ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Memory ; Middle Aged ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Planning and effort ; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry ; Psychology. Psychophysiology ; Psychometrics ; Psychometrics. Statistics. Methodology ; Psychopathology. Psychiatry ; Psychoses ; Schizophrenia ; Schizophrenia - physiopathology ; Schizophrenic Psychology ; Task Performance and Analysis ; Theories</subject><ispartof>Journal of psychiatric research, 2005-11, Vol.39 (6), p.585-593</ispartof><rights>2005 Elsevier Ltd</rights><rights>2005 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c468t-a577e1b8ecfaf75e1422aae27cd569613c033d3e1f420286c511b6c73ce53913</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.02.001$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3550,27924,27925,45995</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=17108054$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16157161$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>van Beilen, Marije</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van Zomeren, Ed H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van den Bosch, Robert J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Withaar, Frederiec K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bouma, Anke</creatorcontrib><title>Measuring the executive functions in schizophrenia: The voluntary allocation of effort</title><title>Journal of psychiatric research</title><addtitle>J Psychiatr Res</addtitle><description>Executive functioning reflects not only
what a patient does, but also
how he does it or
whether he does it at all [Lezak MD. The problem of assessing executive functions. Int. J. Psychol. 17 (1982) 281]. Standard test procedures strongly prompt subjects to certain behavior, so that initiative and the amount of voluntary effort one is willing to invest are therefore not being adequately assessed.
We developed the Cognitive Effort Test (CET); a test for executive functioning specifically aimed at measuring subject’s free initiatives, and the amount of effort they invest voluntarily. It is a complex planning task, and performance is being judged by three subscales: Initiative, Planning, and Workload. 36 schizophrenia patients and 30 healthy controls were tested with the CET, and a battery of other cognitive tests (executive functioning, memory, attention and psychomotor speed) was added to investigate construct and divergent validity. Negative symptoms were also recorded (predictive validity).
Patients scored below controls on Planning and Workload, but not on Initiative. The CET was significantly related to other tests for cognition but not to negative symptoms. CET Planning and Workload predicted group membership (patients-controls) better than the other tests for executive functioning combined.
The CET appears to be a clinically useful test that measures an aspect of schizophrenia that is not being assessed by existing tests, presumably the voluntarily allocation of effort.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Adult and adolescent clinical studies</subject><subject>Attention</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Case-Control Studies</subject><subject>Cognition</subject><subject>Executive functions</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Initiation</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Memory</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Neuropsychological Tests</subject><subject>Planning and effort</subject><subject>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</subject><subject>Psychology. Psychophysiology</subject><subject>Psychometrics</subject><subject>Psychometrics. Statistics. Methodology</subject><subject>Psychopathology. Psychiatry</subject><subject>Psychoses</subject><subject>Schizophrenia</subject><subject>Schizophrenia - physiopathology</subject><subject>Schizophrenic Psychology</subject><subject>Task Performance and Analysis</subject><subject>Theories</subject><issn>0022-3956</issn><issn>1879-1379</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2005</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkE2P0zAQhi0EYsvCX0C-wC1hbMcf4QYrYFdaxKXiarnOmLpK42InFcuvx1Ur9chl5vK8844eQiiDlgFTH3bt7lCe_DZmLC0HkC3wFoA9IytmdN8wofvnZAXAeSN6qW7Iq1J2AKA5616SG6aY1HWsyM_v6MqS4_SLzluk-Af9Mscj0rBMfo5pKjROtNSqv-mwzThF95GuK3lM4zLNLj9RN47JuxNLU6AYQsrza_IiuLHgm8u-JeuvX9Z3983jj28Pd58eG98pMzdOao1sY9AHF7RE1nHuHHLtB6l6xYQHIQaBLHQcuFFeMrZRXguPUvRM3JL357OHnH4vWGa7j8XjOLoJ01KsMtJ0ndEVNGfQ51RKxmAPOe7r95aBPSm1O3tVak9KLXBbldbo20vHstnjcA1eHFbg3QVwxbsxZDf5WK6cZmBAdpX7fOawCjlGzLb4iJPHoXb62Q4p_v-bf3jDm1M</recordid><startdate>20051101</startdate><enddate>20051101</enddate><creator>van Beilen, Marije</creator><creator>van Zomeren, Ed H.</creator><creator>van den Bosch, Robert J.</creator><creator>Withaar, Frederiec K.</creator><creator>Bouma, Anke</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20051101</creationdate><title>Measuring the executive functions in schizophrenia: The voluntary allocation of effort</title><author>van Beilen, Marije ; van Zomeren, Ed H. ; van den Bosch, Robert J. ; Withaar, Frederiec K. ; Bouma, Anke</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c468t-a577e1b8ecfaf75e1422aae27cd569613c033d3e1f420286c511b6c73ce53913</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2005</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Adult and adolescent clinical studies</topic><topic>Attention</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Case-Control Studies</topic><topic>Cognition</topic><topic>Executive functions</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Initiation</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Memory</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Neuropsychological Tests</topic><topic>Planning and effort</topic><topic>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Psychology. Psychophysiology</topic><topic>Psychometrics</topic><topic>Psychometrics. Statistics. Methodology</topic><topic>Psychopathology. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Psychoses</topic><topic>Schizophrenia</topic><topic>Schizophrenia - physiopathology</topic><topic>Schizophrenic Psychology</topic><topic>Task Performance and Analysis</topic><topic>Theories</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>van Beilen, Marije</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van Zomeren, Ed H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van den Bosch, Robert J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Withaar, Frederiec K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bouma, Anke</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of psychiatric research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>van Beilen, Marije</au><au>van Zomeren, Ed H.</au><au>van den Bosch, Robert J.</au><au>Withaar, Frederiec K.</au><au>Bouma, Anke</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Measuring the executive functions in schizophrenia: The voluntary allocation of effort</atitle><jtitle>Journal of psychiatric research</jtitle><addtitle>J Psychiatr Res</addtitle><date>2005-11-01</date><risdate>2005</risdate><volume>39</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>585</spage><epage>593</epage><pages>585-593</pages><issn>0022-3956</issn><eissn>1879-1379</eissn><coden>JPYRA3</coden><abstract>Executive functioning reflects not only
what a patient does, but also
how he does it or
whether he does it at all [Lezak MD. The problem of assessing executive functions. Int. J. Psychol. 17 (1982) 281]. Standard test procedures strongly prompt subjects to certain behavior, so that initiative and the amount of voluntary effort one is willing to invest are therefore not being adequately assessed.
We developed the Cognitive Effort Test (CET); a test for executive functioning specifically aimed at measuring subject’s free initiatives, and the amount of effort they invest voluntarily. It is a complex planning task, and performance is being judged by three subscales: Initiative, Planning, and Workload. 36 schizophrenia patients and 30 healthy controls were tested with the CET, and a battery of other cognitive tests (executive functioning, memory, attention and psychomotor speed) was added to investigate construct and divergent validity. Negative symptoms were also recorded (predictive validity).
Patients scored below controls on Planning and Workload, but not on Initiative. The CET was significantly related to other tests for cognition but not to negative symptoms. CET Planning and Workload predicted group membership (patients-controls) better than the other tests for executive functioning combined.
The CET appears to be a clinically useful test that measures an aspect of schizophrenia that is not being assessed by existing tests, presumably the voluntarily allocation of effort.</abstract><cop>Oxford</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>16157161</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.02.001</doi><tpages>9</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adolescent Adult Adult and adolescent clinical studies Attention Biological and medical sciences Case-Control Studies Cognition Executive functions Female Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Humans Initiation Male Medical sciences Memory Middle Aged Neuropsychological Tests Planning and effort Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychology. Psychophysiology Psychometrics Psychometrics. Statistics. Methodology Psychopathology. Psychiatry Psychoses Schizophrenia Schizophrenia - physiopathology Schizophrenic Psychology Task Performance and Analysis Theories |
| title | Measuring the executive functions in schizophrenia: The voluntary allocation of effort |
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