Intracellular Glutathione Levels Determine Cell Sensitivity to Apoptosis Induced by the Antineoplasic Agent N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide

Background: We have previously demonstrated that the synthetic retinoid N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4-HPR) induces the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human leukemia cells, which in turn triggers the intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptotic pathway. In order to study the role of gl...

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Veröffentlicht in:Anticancer research 2005-05, Vol.25 (3B), p.1945-1951
Hauptverfasser: Morales, María-Celia, Pérez-Yarza, Gorka, Nieto-Rementeria, Naiara, Boyano, María-Dolores, Jangi, Muhialdin, Atencia, Rafael, Asumendi, Aintzane
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container_end_page 1951
container_issue 3B
container_start_page 1945
container_title Anticancer research
container_volume 25
creator Morales, María-Celia
Pérez-Yarza, Gorka
Nieto-Rementeria, Naiara
Boyano, María-Dolores
Jangi, Muhialdin
Atencia, Rafael
Asumendi, Aintzane
description Background: We have previously demonstrated that the synthetic retinoid N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4-HPR) induces the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human leukemia cells, which in turn triggers the intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptotic pathway. In order to study the role of glutathione in 4-HPR-induced apoptosis, the levels of this antioxidant were analyzed in cell lines which are sensitive and resistant to the effects of 4-HPR, and the effect of the modulation of glutathione levels on 4-HPR cytotoxicity was characterized. Materials and Methods: Mitochondrial membrane potential (Δæm) and the levels of glutathione were measured by flow cytometry. A fluorometric assay was used to measure intracellular ROS generation and Western blot was employed to analyze tissue transglutaminase expression. Results: 4-HPR generated large quantities of ROS in cell lines which expressed low glutathione levels, these cells being the most sensitive to the retinoid. The sensitivity of leukemia cells to 4-HPR could be modulated, either by increasing intracellular glutathione contents using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), or by decreasing it using DL-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (BSO). ATRA increased the level of expression of tissue transglutaminase, whereas inhibition of this enzyme led to enhanced apoptosis. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the glutathione content contributes to determining the sensitivity of cells to 4-HPR and points to the potential application of glutathione-inhibiting agents as enhancers in 4-HPR-based therapies.
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In order to study the role of glutathione in 4-HPR-induced apoptosis, the levels of this antioxidant were analyzed in cell lines which are sensitive and resistant to the effects of 4-HPR, and the effect of the modulation of glutathione levels on 4-HPR cytotoxicity was characterized. Materials and Methods: Mitochondrial membrane potential (Δæm) and the levels of glutathione were measured by flow cytometry. A fluorometric assay was used to measure intracellular ROS generation and Western blot was employed to analyze tissue transglutaminase expression. Results: 4-HPR generated large quantities of ROS in cell lines which expressed low glutathione levels, these cells being the most sensitive to the retinoid. The sensitivity of leukemia cells to 4-HPR could be modulated, either by increasing intracellular glutathione contents using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), or by decreasing it using DL-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (BSO). ATRA increased the level of expression of tissue transglutaminase, whereas inhibition of this enzyme led to enhanced apoptosis. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the glutathione content contributes to determining the sensitivity of cells to 4-HPR and points to the potential application of glutathione-inhibiting agents as enhancers in 4-HPR-based therapies.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0250-7005</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1791-7530</identifier><identifier>PMID: 16158929</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Attiki: International Institute of Anticancer Research</publisher><subject>Antineoplastic Agents - pharmacology ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols - pharmacology ; Apoptosis - drug effects ; Apoptosis - physiology ; Biological and medical sciences ; Buthionine Sulfoximine - administration &amp; dosage ; Buthionine Sulfoximine - pharmacology ; Cadaverine - analogs &amp; derivatives ; Cadaverine - pharmacology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Enzyme Inhibitors - pharmacology ; Fenretinide - administration &amp; dosage ; Fenretinide - pharmacology ; Glutathione - metabolism ; Humans ; Jurkat Cells ; Leukemia, T-Cell - drug therapy ; Leukemia, T-Cell - enzymology ; Leukemia, T-Cell - metabolism ; Leukemia, T-Cell - pathology ; Medical sciences ; Oxidative Stress - drug effects ; Transglutaminases - antagonists &amp; inhibitors ; Transglutaminases - biosynthesis ; Transglutaminases - metabolism ; Tretinoin - administration &amp; dosage ; Tretinoin - pharmacology ; Tumors</subject><ispartof>Anticancer research, 2005-05, Vol.25 (3B), p.1945-1951</ispartof><rights>2005 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&amp;idt=16908588$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16158929$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Morales, María-Celia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pérez-Yarza, Gorka</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nieto-Rementeria, Naiara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boyano, María-Dolores</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jangi, Muhialdin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Atencia, Rafael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Asumendi, Aintzane</creatorcontrib><title>Intracellular Glutathione Levels Determine Cell Sensitivity to Apoptosis Induced by the Antineoplasic Agent N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide</title><title>Anticancer research</title><addtitle>Anticancer Res</addtitle><description>Background: We have previously demonstrated that the synthetic retinoid N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4-HPR) induces the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human leukemia cells, which in turn triggers the intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptotic pathway. In order to study the role of glutathione in 4-HPR-induced apoptosis, the levels of this antioxidant were analyzed in cell lines which are sensitive and resistant to the effects of 4-HPR, and the effect of the modulation of glutathione levels on 4-HPR cytotoxicity was characterized. Materials and Methods: Mitochondrial membrane potential (Δæm) and the levels of glutathione were measured by flow cytometry. A fluorometric assay was used to measure intracellular ROS generation and Western blot was employed to analyze tissue transglutaminase expression. Results: 4-HPR generated large quantities of ROS in cell lines which expressed low glutathione levels, these cells being the most sensitive to the retinoid. The sensitivity of leukemia cells to 4-HPR could be modulated, either by increasing intracellular glutathione contents using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), or by decreasing it using DL-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (BSO). ATRA increased the level of expression of tissue transglutaminase, whereas inhibition of this enzyme led to enhanced apoptosis. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the glutathione content contributes to determining the sensitivity of cells to 4-HPR and points to the potential application of glutathione-inhibiting agents as enhancers in 4-HPR-based therapies.</description><subject>Antineoplastic Agents - pharmacology</subject><subject>Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols - pharmacology</subject><subject>Apoptosis - drug effects</subject><subject>Apoptosis - physiology</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Buthionine Sulfoximine - administration &amp; dosage</subject><subject>Buthionine Sulfoximine - pharmacology</subject><subject>Cadaverine - analogs &amp; derivatives</subject><subject>Cadaverine - pharmacology</subject><subject>Cell Line, Tumor</subject><subject>Enzyme Inhibitors - pharmacology</subject><subject>Fenretinide - administration &amp; dosage</subject><subject>Fenretinide - pharmacology</subject><subject>Glutathione - metabolism</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Jurkat Cells</subject><subject>Leukemia, T-Cell - drug therapy</subject><subject>Leukemia, T-Cell - enzymology</subject><subject>Leukemia, T-Cell - metabolism</subject><subject>Leukemia, T-Cell - pathology</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Oxidative Stress - drug effects</subject><subject>Transglutaminases - antagonists &amp; 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inhibitors</topic><topic>Transglutaminases - biosynthesis</topic><topic>Transglutaminases - metabolism</topic><topic>Tretinoin - administration &amp; dosage</topic><topic>Tretinoin - pharmacology</topic><topic>Tumors</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Morales, María-Celia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pérez-Yarza, Gorka</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nieto-Rementeria, Naiara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boyano, María-Dolores</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jangi, Muhialdin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Atencia, Rafael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Asumendi, Aintzane</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Anticancer research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Morales, María-Celia</au><au>Pérez-Yarza, Gorka</au><au>Nieto-Rementeria, Naiara</au><au>Boyano, María-Dolores</au><au>Jangi, Muhialdin</au><au>Atencia, Rafael</au><au>Asumendi, Aintzane</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Intracellular Glutathione Levels Determine Cell Sensitivity to Apoptosis Induced by the Antineoplasic Agent N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide</atitle><jtitle>Anticancer research</jtitle><addtitle>Anticancer Res</addtitle><date>2005-05-01</date><risdate>2005</risdate><volume>25</volume><issue>3B</issue><spage>1945</spage><epage>1951</epage><pages>1945-1951</pages><issn>0250-7005</issn><eissn>1791-7530</eissn><abstract>Background: We have previously demonstrated that the synthetic retinoid N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4-HPR) induces the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human leukemia cells, which in turn triggers the intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptotic pathway. In order to study the role of glutathione in 4-HPR-induced apoptosis, the levels of this antioxidant were analyzed in cell lines which are sensitive and resistant to the effects of 4-HPR, and the effect of the modulation of glutathione levels on 4-HPR cytotoxicity was characterized. Materials and Methods: Mitochondrial membrane potential (Δæm) and the levels of glutathione were measured by flow cytometry. A fluorometric assay was used to measure intracellular ROS generation and Western blot was employed to analyze tissue transglutaminase expression. Results: 4-HPR generated large quantities of ROS in cell lines which expressed low glutathione levels, these cells being the most sensitive to the retinoid. The sensitivity of leukemia cells to 4-HPR could be modulated, either by increasing intracellular glutathione contents using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), or by decreasing it using DL-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (BSO). ATRA increased the level of expression of tissue transglutaminase, whereas inhibition of this enzyme led to enhanced apoptosis. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the glutathione content contributes to determining the sensitivity of cells to 4-HPR and points to the potential application of glutathione-inhibiting agents as enhancers in 4-HPR-based therapies.</abstract><cop>Attiki</cop><pub>International Institute of Anticancer Research</pub><pmid>16158929</pmid><tpages>7</tpages></addata></record>
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source MEDLINE; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals
subjects Antineoplastic Agents - pharmacology
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols - pharmacology
Apoptosis - drug effects
Apoptosis - physiology
Biological and medical sciences
Buthionine Sulfoximine - administration & dosage
Buthionine Sulfoximine - pharmacology
Cadaverine - analogs & derivatives
Cadaverine - pharmacology
Cell Line, Tumor
Enzyme Inhibitors - pharmacology
Fenretinide - administration & dosage
Fenretinide - pharmacology
Glutathione - metabolism
Humans
Jurkat Cells
Leukemia, T-Cell - drug therapy
Leukemia, T-Cell - enzymology
Leukemia, T-Cell - metabolism
Leukemia, T-Cell - pathology
Medical sciences
Oxidative Stress - drug effects
Transglutaminases - antagonists & inhibitors
Transglutaminases - biosynthesis
Transglutaminases - metabolism
Tretinoin - administration & dosage
Tretinoin - pharmacology
Tumors
title Intracellular Glutathione Levels Determine Cell Sensitivity to Apoptosis Induced by the Antineoplasic Agent N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide
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