Aging, plasticity and environmental enrichment: Structural changes and neurotransmitter dynamics in several areas of the brain
Abstract Cajal was probably the first neurobiologist to suggest that plasticity of nerve cells almost completely disappeared during aging. However, we know today that neural plasticity is still present in the brain during aging. In this review we suggest that aging is a physiological process that oc...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Brain Research Reviews 2007-08, Vol.55 (1), p.78-88 |
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| creator | Mora, Francisco Segovia, Gregorio del Arco, Alberto |
| description | Abstract Cajal was probably the first neurobiologist to suggest that plasticity of nerve cells almost completely disappeared during aging. However, we know today that neural plasticity is still present in the brain during aging. In this review we suggest that aging is a physiological process that occurs asynchronously in different areas of the brain and that the rate of that process is modulated by environmental factors and related to the neuronal-synaptic-molecular substrates of each area. We review here some of the most recent results on aging of the brain in relation to the plastic changes that occur in young and aged animals as a result of living in an enriched environment. We highlight the results from our own laboratory on the dynamics of neurotransmitters in different areas of the brain. Specifically we review first the effects of aging on neurons, dendrites, synapses, and also on molecular and functional plasticity. Second, the effects of environmental enrichment on the brain of young and aged animals. And third the effects of an enriched environment on the age-related changes in neurogenesis and in the extracellular concentrations of glutamate and GABA in hippocampus, and on dopamine, acetylcholine, glutamate and GABA under a situation of acute mild stress in the prefrontal cortex. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.03.011 |
| format | Article |
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However, we know today that neural plasticity is still present in the brain during aging. In this review we suggest that aging is a physiological process that occurs asynchronously in different areas of the brain and that the rate of that process is modulated by environmental factors and related to the neuronal-synaptic-molecular substrates of each area. We review here some of the most recent results on aging of the brain in relation to the plastic changes that occur in young and aged animals as a result of living in an enriched environment. We highlight the results from our own laboratory on the dynamics of neurotransmitters in different areas of the brain. Specifically we review first the effects of aging on neurons, dendrites, synapses, and also on molecular and functional plasticity. Second, the effects of environmental enrichment on the brain of young and aged animals. 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However, we know today that neural plasticity is still present in the brain during aging. In this review we suggest that aging is a physiological process that occurs asynchronously in different areas of the brain and that the rate of that process is modulated by environmental factors and related to the neuronal-synaptic-molecular substrates of each area. We review here some of the most recent results on aging of the brain in relation to the plastic changes that occur in young and aged animals as a result of living in an enriched environment. We highlight the results from our own laboratory on the dynamics of neurotransmitters in different areas of the brain. Specifically we review first the effects of aging on neurons, dendrites, synapses, and also on molecular and functional plasticity. Second, the effects of environmental enrichment on the brain of young and aged animals. And third the effects of an enriched environment on the age-related changes in neurogenesis and in the extracellular concentrations of glutamate and GABA in hippocampus, and on dopamine, acetylcholine, glutamate and GABA under a situation of acute mild stress in the prefrontal cortex.</description><subject>Aging</subject><subject>Aging - physiology</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Brain - cytology</subject><subject>Brain - physiology</subject><subject>Central nervous system</subject><subject>Central neurotransmission. Neuromudulation. Pathways and receptors</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental enrichment</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Hippocampus</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Neurology</subject><subject>Neuronal Plasticity - physiology</subject><subject>Neurotransmitter</subject><subject>Neurotransmitter Agents - metabolism</subject><subject>Neurotransmitter Agents - physiology</subject><subject>Plasticity</subject><subject>Prefrontal cortex</subject><subject>Vertebrates: nervous system and sense organs</subject><issn>0165-0173</issn><issn>1872-6321</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2007</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkkFv1DAQhSMEotvCX0DhACcSxnHsxBwqVSsKSJU4FM6W44x3vSTOYjsr7YXfjtNdqYgLnKyxvjdjvzdZ9ppASYDw97uy88o6j8HjoawAmhJoCYQ8yVakbaqC04o8zVaJZQWQhl5klyHsAJioW_48uyAN46TibJX9utlYt3mX7wcVotU2HnPl-hzdwfrJjeiiGlLlrd4uxYf8PvpZx9mna71VboPhQeBw9lP0yoXRxog-749OjVaH3Lo84AEXgfKoQj6ZPG4xf_jCi-yZUUPAl-fzKvt--_Hb-nNx9_XTl_XNXaEZa2LBVW2MILprgVUdF8RQ0RlFG9NXhgihGalZJXqsO9qpWgASgaCUqVsDwBm9yt6e-u799HPGEOVog8ZhUA6nOUjepi4tof8EK6gE4w1PoDiB2k8h5WDk3ttR-aMkIJeU5E7-kZJcUpJAZUopaV-dh8zdiP2j8hxLAt6cARW0GkzyVdvwyAmgTS3axK1PHCbvDha9DNqi09hbjzrKfrL_9Zzrv7rowTqbBv_AI4bdNHuXwpFEhkqCvF_WatkqaCCZCzX9DcGjzio</recordid><startdate>20070801</startdate><enddate>20070801</enddate><creator>Mora, Francisco</creator><creator>Segovia, Gregorio</creator><creator>del Arco, Alberto</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20070801</creationdate><title>Aging, plasticity and environmental enrichment: Structural changes and neurotransmitter dynamics in several areas of the brain</title><author>Mora, Francisco ; Segovia, Gregorio ; del Arco, Alberto</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c557t-6a4ff91cb8052b691f39bfa37fd2f199c514529de4b3ba490e19e0aaf48f00653</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2007</creationdate><topic>Aging</topic><topic>Aging - physiology</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Brain - cytology</topic><topic>Brain - physiology</topic><topic>Central nervous system</topic><topic>Central neurotransmission. Neuromudulation. Pathways and receptors</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Environmental enrichment</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Hippocampus</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Neurology</topic><topic>Neuronal Plasticity - physiology</topic><topic>Neurotransmitter</topic><topic>Neurotransmitter Agents - metabolism</topic><topic>Neurotransmitter Agents - physiology</topic><topic>Plasticity</topic><topic>Prefrontal cortex</topic><topic>Vertebrates: nervous system and sense organs</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Mora, Francisco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Segovia, Gregorio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>del Arco, Alberto</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Brain Research Reviews</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Mora, Francisco</au><au>Segovia, Gregorio</au><au>del Arco, Alberto</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Aging, plasticity and environmental enrichment: Structural changes and neurotransmitter dynamics in several areas of the brain</atitle><jtitle>Brain Research Reviews</jtitle><addtitle>Brain Res Rev</addtitle><date>2007-08-01</date><risdate>2007</risdate><volume>55</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>78</spage><epage>88</epage><pages>78-88</pages><issn>0165-0173</issn><eissn>1872-6321</eissn><abstract>Abstract Cajal was probably the first neurobiologist to suggest that plasticity of nerve cells almost completely disappeared during aging. However, we know today that neural plasticity is still present in the brain during aging. In this review we suggest that aging is a physiological process that occurs asynchronously in different areas of the brain and that the rate of that process is modulated by environmental factors and related to the neuronal-synaptic-molecular substrates of each area. We review here some of the most recent results on aging of the brain in relation to the plastic changes that occur in young and aged animals as a result of living in an enriched environment. We highlight the results from our own laboratory on the dynamics of neurotransmitters in different areas of the brain. Specifically we review first the effects of aging on neurons, dendrites, synapses, and also on molecular and functional plasticity. Second, the effects of environmental enrichment on the brain of young and aged animals. 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| subjects | Aging Aging - physiology Animals Biological and medical sciences Brain - cytology Brain - physiology Central nervous system Central neurotransmission. Neuromudulation. Pathways and receptors Environment Environmental enrichment Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Hippocampus Humans Neurology Neuronal Plasticity - physiology Neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter Agents - metabolism Neurotransmitter Agents - physiology Plasticity Prefrontal cortex Vertebrates: nervous system and sense organs |
| title | Aging, plasticity and environmental enrichment: Structural changes and neurotransmitter dynamics in several areas of the brain |
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