PERITONEAL DIALYSIS IN THE SUDAN
National Ribat University Hospital 1 ; Military Hospital 2 ; Khartoum Renal Center 3 ; Soba University Hospital 4 ; Jaafar Ibn Auf Pediatric Hospital 5 ; Ibn Sina Specialized Hospital 6 ; Khartoum North Renal Center 7 ; Central Medical Supplies Corp. 8 ; and National Center for Kidney Diseases, 9 Kh...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Peritoneal dialysis international 2007-09, Vol.27 (5), p.503-510 |
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| creator | Elhassan, Elwaleed A.M Kaballo, Babikir Fedail, Haleema Abdelraheem, M. Babiker Ali, Tigani Medani, Safaa Tammam, Layla Basheir, Ihsan Taha, Ahabab Mandour, Mohamed El Awad, Khalifa Abu-Aisha, Hasan |
| description | National Ribat University Hospital 1 ; Military
Hospital 2 ; Khartoum Renal
Center 3 ; Soba University
Hospital 4 ; Jaafar Ibn Auf Pediatric
Hospital 5 ; Ibn Sina Specialized
Hospital 6 ; Khartoum North Renal
Center 7 ; Central Medical Supplies
Corp. 8 ; and National Center for Kidney
Diseases, 9 Khartoum, Sudan
Correspondence to: E.A.M. Elhassan, Ribat Center for Regular Peritoneal
Dialysis, P.O. Box 363, Khartoum, Sudan.
waleedali{at}yahoo.com
Background: End-stage renal disease is a significant
social and economic burden on the Sudan. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal
dialysis (CAPD) was recently introduced as a national service and is provided
free of charge by the Federal State. We present here an overview of our
experience and outcomes after the first 20 months of operation of the National
Program, displaying its organization and patient and technique survival,
peritonitis rates, and adequacy parameters of the first patients to undergo
CAPD.
Methods: As a national experiment, the program was
sequentially launched in 5 adult and 2 pediatric centers in Khartoum, the
capital city of the country. The data include the entire 111 patients who
underwent CAPD from June 2005 to January 2007. All data were reported to, and
analyzed at, the head office of the Sudan National Peritoneal Dialysis
Program.
Results: CAPD is the modality exclusively utilized thus
far. Automated PD will be added to the program this year. By 30 January 2007,
the total number of patients enrolled was 111. Their age range was 1 –
75 (median 56) years. 20 patients (18%) were shifted to hemodialysis and 5
patients received living related kidney transplants. Two died of severe
septicemia due to peritonitis; 16 (14%) others died of non-PD-related causes.
There were 60 cases of peritonitis in 839 patient-months, which equates to an
overall peritonitis rate of 1 episode every 14 months (0.87 episodes per year
at risk). The individual center rates varied. A critical review of cases at
the end of the first year showed a statistically significant age difference,
with peritonitis being more common in the younger patients. Mean age of
patients that developed peritonitis was 30.53 years, whereas that for
peritonitis-free patients was 44.09 years (p = 0.025). All patients that had
peritonitis presented with abdominal pain and had a cloudy effluent; none had
exit-site or tunnel infection. The culture-negative peritonitis rate was 53%.
Pseudomonas species were responsible for 13.3% and Staphylococcus
au |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1177/089686080702700505 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_68181744</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>68181744</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-ca5dbcd73f9512177b93e2b99cdb010a8a0f0251e375a266d5d06d678cf41d183</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNpl0L1OwzAUBWALgWgpvAADygJb4NqOfzJGbaCRohbRdmCynNihQQktcauIt8dVKzEw3eU7R1cHoVsMjxgL8QQy5pKDBAFEADBgZ2iIBZZhRCE6R8MDCA9igK6c-wSghIK4RAOfhiiifIiC1_QtW85naZIHkyzJ3xfZIshmwXKaBovVJJldo4tKN87enO4IrZ7T5Xga5vOXbJzkYUkF24WlZqYojaBVzDDx_UVMLSniuDQFYNBSQwWEYeu1JpwbZoAbLmRZRdhgSUfo4di77Tbfe-t2qq1daZtGf9nN3ikuscTCPz1C5AjLbuNcZyu17epWdz8Kgzrsov7v4kN3p_Z90VrzFzkN4cH9Eazrj3Vfd1a5VjeN50T1fU-EYooBpb-ctGT-</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>68181744</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>PERITONEAL DIALYSIS IN THE SUDAN</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SAGE Journals</source><creator>Elhassan, Elwaleed A.M ; Kaballo, Babikir ; Fedail, Haleema ; Abdelraheem, M. Babiker ; Ali, Tigani ; Medani, Safaa ; Tammam, Layla ; Basheir, Ihsan ; Taha, Ahabab ; Mandour, Mohamed ; El Awad, Khalifa ; Abu-Aisha, Hasan</creator><creatorcontrib>Elhassan, Elwaleed A.M ; Kaballo, Babikir ; Fedail, Haleema ; Abdelraheem, M. Babiker ; Ali, Tigani ; Medani, Safaa ; Tammam, Layla ; Basheir, Ihsan ; Taha, Ahabab ; Mandour, Mohamed ; El Awad, Khalifa ; Abu-Aisha, Hasan</creatorcontrib><description>National Ribat University Hospital 1 ; Military
Hospital 2 ; Khartoum Renal
Center 3 ; Soba University
Hospital 4 ; Jaafar Ibn Auf Pediatric
Hospital 5 ; Ibn Sina Specialized
Hospital 6 ; Khartoum North Renal
Center 7 ; Central Medical Supplies
Corp. 8 ; and National Center for Kidney
Diseases, 9 Khartoum, Sudan
Correspondence to: E.A.M. Elhassan, Ribat Center for Regular Peritoneal
Dialysis, P.O. Box 363, Khartoum, Sudan.
waleedali{at}yahoo.com
Background: End-stage renal disease is a significant
social and economic burden on the Sudan. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal
dialysis (CAPD) was recently introduced as a national service and is provided
free of charge by the Federal State. We present here an overview of our
experience and outcomes after the first 20 months of operation of the National
Program, displaying its organization and patient and technique survival,
peritonitis rates, and adequacy parameters of the first patients to undergo
CAPD.
Methods: As a national experiment, the program was
sequentially launched in 5 adult and 2 pediatric centers in Khartoum, the
capital city of the country. The data include the entire 111 patients who
underwent CAPD from June 2005 to January 2007. All data were reported to, and
analyzed at, the head office of the Sudan National Peritoneal Dialysis
Program.
Results: CAPD is the modality exclusively utilized thus
far. Automated PD will be added to the program this year. By 30 January 2007,
the total number of patients enrolled was 111. Their age range was 1 –
75 (median 56) years. 20 patients (18%) were shifted to hemodialysis and 5
patients received living related kidney transplants. Two died of severe
septicemia due to peritonitis; 16 (14%) others died of non-PD-related causes.
There were 60 cases of peritonitis in 839 patient-months, which equates to an
overall peritonitis rate of 1 episode every 14 months (0.87 episodes per year
at risk). The individual center rates varied. A critical review of cases at
the end of the first year showed a statistically significant age difference,
with peritonitis being more common in the younger patients. Mean age of
patients that developed peritonitis was 30.53 years, whereas that for
peritonitis-free patients was 44.09 years (p = 0.025). All patients that had
peritonitis presented with abdominal pain and had a cloudy effluent; none had
exit-site or tunnel infection. The culture-negative peritonitis rate was 53%.
Pseudomonas species were responsible for 13.3% and Staphylococcus
aureus for 6.7%. Touch contamination was the likely mechanism behind
46.7% of the episodes. There were 3 cases of refractory peritonitis and a
single case of relapsing peritonitis. Concerning PD adequacy, average Kt/V
urea was 1.74; weekly creatinine clearance was 62.5 L/1.73 m 2 .
Average normalized protein catabolic rate, as a measure of dietary protein
intake in patients in a steady state, was 1.17 g/kg. These measures indicate
that the overall program adequacy was satisfactory and the values fall within
the recommended ranges.
Conclusion: The first 20 months of operation of the
Sudan's National Peritoneal Dialysis Program have proven that it is a
promising project with multifaceted success. The adequacy indicators are
acceptable but the cumulative peritonitis incidence is above that recommended,
indicating several areas for potential improvement. Although CAPD is highly
cost-effective, ongoing difficulties, including the cost of medications and
laboratory tests, are being sorted out with official support and public
involvement.
KEY WORDS: Sudan; Africa; peritonitis; adequacy.
Received 11 April 2007;
accepted 10 July 2007.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0896-8608</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1718-4304</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1177/089686080702700505</identifier><identifier>PMID: 17704436</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Infant ; Kidney Failure, Chronic - epidemiology ; Kidney Failure, Chronic - mortality ; Kidney Failure, Chronic - therapy ; Middle Aged ; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory - mortality ; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory - statistics & numerical data ; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory - trends ; Retrospective Studies ; State Medicine - organization & administration ; State Medicine - trends ; Sudan - epidemiology</subject><ispartof>Peritoneal dialysis international, 2007-09, Vol.27 (5), p.503-510</ispartof><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-ca5dbcd73f9512177b93e2b99cdb010a8a0f0251e375a266d5d06d678cf41d183</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-ca5dbcd73f9512177b93e2b99cdb010a8a0f0251e375a266d5d06d678cf41d183</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17704436$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Elhassan, Elwaleed A.M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kaballo, Babikir</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fedail, Haleema</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abdelraheem, M. Babiker</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ali, Tigani</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Medani, Safaa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tammam, Layla</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Basheir, Ihsan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Taha, Ahabab</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mandour, Mohamed</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>El Awad, Khalifa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abu-Aisha, Hasan</creatorcontrib><title>PERITONEAL DIALYSIS IN THE SUDAN</title><title>Peritoneal dialysis international</title><addtitle>Perit Dial Int</addtitle><description>National Ribat University Hospital 1 ; Military
Hospital 2 ; Khartoum Renal
Center 3 ; Soba University
Hospital 4 ; Jaafar Ibn Auf Pediatric
Hospital 5 ; Ibn Sina Specialized
Hospital 6 ; Khartoum North Renal
Center 7 ; Central Medical Supplies
Corp. 8 ; and National Center for Kidney
Diseases, 9 Khartoum, Sudan
Correspondence to: E.A.M. Elhassan, Ribat Center for Regular Peritoneal
Dialysis, P.O. Box 363, Khartoum, Sudan.
waleedali{at}yahoo.com
Background: End-stage renal disease is a significant
social and economic burden on the Sudan. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal
dialysis (CAPD) was recently introduced as a national service and is provided
free of charge by the Federal State. We present here an overview of our
experience and outcomes after the first 20 months of operation of the National
Program, displaying its organization and patient and technique survival,
peritonitis rates, and adequacy parameters of the first patients to undergo
CAPD.
Methods: As a national experiment, the program was
sequentially launched in 5 adult and 2 pediatric centers in Khartoum, the
capital city of the country. The data include the entire 111 patients who
underwent CAPD from June 2005 to January 2007. All data were reported to, and
analyzed at, the head office of the Sudan National Peritoneal Dialysis
Program.
Results: CAPD is the modality exclusively utilized thus
far. Automated PD will be added to the program this year. By 30 January 2007,
the total number of patients enrolled was 111. Their age range was 1 –
75 (median 56) years. 20 patients (18%) were shifted to hemodialysis and 5
patients received living related kidney transplants. Two died of severe
septicemia due to peritonitis; 16 (14%) others died of non-PD-related causes.
There were 60 cases of peritonitis in 839 patient-months, which equates to an
overall peritonitis rate of 1 episode every 14 months (0.87 episodes per year
at risk). The individual center rates varied. A critical review of cases at
the end of the first year showed a statistically significant age difference,
with peritonitis being more common in the younger patients. Mean age of
patients that developed peritonitis was 30.53 years, whereas that for
peritonitis-free patients was 44.09 years (p = 0.025). All patients that had
peritonitis presented with abdominal pain and had a cloudy effluent; none had
exit-site or tunnel infection. The culture-negative peritonitis rate was 53%.
Pseudomonas species were responsible for 13.3% and Staphylococcus
aureus for 6.7%. Touch contamination was the likely mechanism behind
46.7% of the episodes. There were 3 cases of refractory peritonitis and a
single case of relapsing peritonitis. Concerning PD adequacy, average Kt/V
urea was 1.74; weekly creatinine clearance was 62.5 L/1.73 m 2 .
Average normalized protein catabolic rate, as a measure of dietary protein
intake in patients in a steady state, was 1.17 g/kg. These measures indicate
that the overall program adequacy was satisfactory and the values fall within
the recommended ranges.
Conclusion: The first 20 months of operation of the
Sudan's National Peritoneal Dialysis Program have proven that it is a
promising project with multifaceted success. The adequacy indicators are
acceptable but the cumulative peritonitis incidence is above that recommended,
indicating several areas for potential improvement. Although CAPD is highly
cost-effective, ongoing difficulties, including the cost of medications and
laboratory tests, are being sorted out with official support and public
involvement.
KEY WORDS: Sudan; Africa; peritonitis; adequacy.
Received 11 April 2007;
accepted 10 July 2007.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infant</subject><subject>Kidney Failure, Chronic - epidemiology</subject><subject>Kidney Failure, Chronic - mortality</subject><subject>Kidney Failure, Chronic - therapy</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory - mortality</subject><subject>Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory - trends</subject><subject>Retrospective Studies</subject><subject>State Medicine - organization & administration</subject><subject>State Medicine - trends</subject><subject>Sudan - epidemiology</subject><issn>0896-8608</issn><issn>1718-4304</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2007</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNpl0L1OwzAUBWALgWgpvAADygJb4NqOfzJGbaCRohbRdmCynNihQQktcauIt8dVKzEw3eU7R1cHoVsMjxgL8QQy5pKDBAFEADBgZ2iIBZZhRCE6R8MDCA9igK6c-wSghIK4RAOfhiiifIiC1_QtW85naZIHkyzJ3xfZIshmwXKaBovVJJldo4tKN87enO4IrZ7T5Xga5vOXbJzkYUkF24WlZqYojaBVzDDx_UVMLSniuDQFYNBSQwWEYeu1JpwbZoAbLmRZRdhgSUfo4di77Tbfe-t2qq1daZtGf9nN3ikuscTCPz1C5AjLbuNcZyu17epWdz8Kgzrsov7v4kN3p_Z90VrzFzkN4cH9Eazrj3Vfd1a5VjeN50T1fU-EYooBpb-ctGT-</recordid><startdate>20070901</startdate><enddate>20070901</enddate><creator>Elhassan, Elwaleed A.M</creator><creator>Kaballo, Babikir</creator><creator>Fedail, Haleema</creator><creator>Abdelraheem, M. Babiker</creator><creator>Ali, Tigani</creator><creator>Medani, Safaa</creator><creator>Tammam, Layla</creator><creator>Basheir, Ihsan</creator><creator>Taha, Ahabab</creator><creator>Mandour, Mohamed</creator><creator>El Awad, Khalifa</creator><creator>Abu-Aisha, Hasan</creator><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20070901</creationdate><title>PERITONEAL DIALYSIS IN THE SUDAN</title><author>Elhassan, Elwaleed A.M ; Kaballo, Babikir ; Fedail, Haleema ; Abdelraheem, M. Babiker ; Ali, Tigani ; Medani, Safaa ; Tammam, Layla ; Basheir, Ihsan ; Taha, Ahabab ; Mandour, Mohamed ; El Awad, Khalifa ; Abu-Aisha, Hasan</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-ca5dbcd73f9512177b93e2b99cdb010a8a0f0251e375a266d5d06d678cf41d183</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2007</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Child, Preschool</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Infant</topic><topic>Kidney Failure, Chronic - epidemiology</topic><topic>Kidney Failure, Chronic - mortality</topic><topic>Kidney Failure, Chronic - therapy</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory - mortality</topic><topic>Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory - trends</topic><topic>Retrospective Studies</topic><topic>State Medicine - organization & administration</topic><topic>State Medicine - trends</topic><topic>Sudan - epidemiology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Elhassan, Elwaleed A.M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kaballo, Babikir</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fedail, Haleema</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abdelraheem, M. Babiker</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ali, Tigani</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Medani, Safaa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tammam, Layla</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Basheir, Ihsan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Taha, Ahabab</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mandour, Mohamed</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>El Awad, Khalifa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abu-Aisha, Hasan</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Peritoneal dialysis international</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Elhassan, Elwaleed A.M</au><au>Kaballo, Babikir</au><au>Fedail, Haleema</au><au>Abdelraheem, M. Babiker</au><au>Ali, Tigani</au><au>Medani, Safaa</au><au>Tammam, Layla</au><au>Basheir, Ihsan</au><au>Taha, Ahabab</au><au>Mandour, Mohamed</au><au>El Awad, Khalifa</au><au>Abu-Aisha, Hasan</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>PERITONEAL DIALYSIS IN THE SUDAN</atitle><jtitle>Peritoneal dialysis international</jtitle><addtitle>Perit Dial Int</addtitle><date>2007-09-01</date><risdate>2007</risdate><volume>27</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>503</spage><epage>510</epage><pages>503-510</pages><issn>0896-8608</issn><eissn>1718-4304</eissn><abstract>National Ribat University Hospital 1 ; Military
Hospital 2 ; Khartoum Renal
Center 3 ; Soba University
Hospital 4 ; Jaafar Ibn Auf Pediatric
Hospital 5 ; Ibn Sina Specialized
Hospital 6 ; Khartoum North Renal
Center 7 ; Central Medical Supplies
Corp. 8 ; and National Center for Kidney
Diseases, 9 Khartoum, Sudan
Correspondence to: E.A.M. Elhassan, Ribat Center for Regular Peritoneal
Dialysis, P.O. Box 363, Khartoum, Sudan.
waleedali{at}yahoo.com
Background: End-stage renal disease is a significant
social and economic burden on the Sudan. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal
dialysis (CAPD) was recently introduced as a national service and is provided
free of charge by the Federal State. We present here an overview of our
experience and outcomes after the first 20 months of operation of the National
Program, displaying its organization and patient and technique survival,
peritonitis rates, and adequacy parameters of the first patients to undergo
CAPD.
Methods: As a national experiment, the program was
sequentially launched in 5 adult and 2 pediatric centers in Khartoum, the
capital city of the country. The data include the entire 111 patients who
underwent CAPD from June 2005 to January 2007. All data were reported to, and
analyzed at, the head office of the Sudan National Peritoneal Dialysis
Program.
Results: CAPD is the modality exclusively utilized thus
far. Automated PD will be added to the program this year. By 30 January 2007,
the total number of patients enrolled was 111. Their age range was 1 –
75 (median 56) years. 20 patients (18%) were shifted to hemodialysis and 5
patients received living related kidney transplants. Two died of severe
septicemia due to peritonitis; 16 (14%) others died of non-PD-related causes.
There were 60 cases of peritonitis in 839 patient-months, which equates to an
overall peritonitis rate of 1 episode every 14 months (0.87 episodes per year
at risk). The individual center rates varied. A critical review of cases at
the end of the first year showed a statistically significant age difference,
with peritonitis being more common in the younger patients. Mean age of
patients that developed peritonitis was 30.53 years, whereas that for
peritonitis-free patients was 44.09 years (p = 0.025). All patients that had
peritonitis presented with abdominal pain and had a cloudy effluent; none had
exit-site or tunnel infection. The culture-negative peritonitis rate was 53%.
Pseudomonas species were responsible for 13.3% and Staphylococcus
aureus for 6.7%. Touch contamination was the likely mechanism behind
46.7% of the episodes. There were 3 cases of refractory peritonitis and a
single case of relapsing peritonitis. Concerning PD adequacy, average Kt/V
urea was 1.74; weekly creatinine clearance was 62.5 L/1.73 m 2 .
Average normalized protein catabolic rate, as a measure of dietary protein
intake in patients in a steady state, was 1.17 g/kg. These measures indicate
that the overall program adequacy was satisfactory and the values fall within
the recommended ranges.
Conclusion: The first 20 months of operation of the
Sudan's National Peritoneal Dialysis Program have proven that it is a
promising project with multifaceted success. The adequacy indicators are
acceptable but the cumulative peritonitis incidence is above that recommended,
indicating several areas for potential improvement. Although CAPD is highly
cost-effective, ongoing difficulties, including the cost of medications and
laboratory tests, are being sorted out with official support and public
involvement.
KEY WORDS: Sudan; Africa; peritonitis; adequacy.
Received 11 April 2007;
accepted 10 July 2007.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pmid>17704436</pmid><doi>10.1177/089686080702700505</doi><tpages>8</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0896-8608 |
| ispartof | Peritoneal dialysis international, 2007-09, Vol.27 (5), p.503-510 |
| issn | 0896-8608 1718-4304 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_68181744 |
| source | MEDLINE; SAGE Journals |
| subjects | Adolescent Adult Aged Child Child, Preschool Humans Infant Kidney Failure, Chronic - epidemiology Kidney Failure, Chronic - mortality Kidney Failure, Chronic - therapy Middle Aged Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory - mortality Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory - statistics & numerical data Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory - trends Retrospective Studies State Medicine - organization & administration State Medicine - trends Sudan - epidemiology |
| title | PERITONEAL DIALYSIS IN THE SUDAN |
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