The impact of maternal employment on breast-feeding duration in the UK Millennium Cohort Study
To examine the relationship of maternal employment characteristics, day care arrangements and the type of maternity leave pay to breast-feeding for at least 4 months. Cohort study. Babies aged 9 months in the Millennium Cohort Study, born between September 2000 and January 2002. A total of 6917 Brit...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Public health nutrition 2007-09, Vol.10 (9), p.891-896 |
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| creator | Hawkins, Summer Sherburne Griffiths, Lucy Jane Dezateux, Carol |
| description | To examine the relationship of maternal employment characteristics, day care arrangements and the type of maternity leave pay to breast-feeding for at least 4 months.
Cohort study.
Babies aged 9 months in the Millennium Cohort Study, born between September 2000 and January 2002.
A total of 6917 British/Irish white employed mothers with singleton babies.
Mothers employed part-time or self-employed were more likely to breast-feed for at least 4 months than those employed full-time (adjusted rate ratio (aRR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.30 (1.17-1.44) and 1.74 (1.46-2.07), respectively). The longer a mother delayed her return to work postpartum, the more likely she was to breast-feed for at least 4 months (P for trend < 0.001). Mothers were less likely to breast-feed for at least 4 months if they returned to work for financial reasons (aRR 0.86, 95% CI 0.80-0.93) or used informal day care arrangements rather than care by themselves or their partner (aRR 0.81, 95% CI 0.71-0.91). Mothers were more likely to breastfeed for at least 4 months if their employer offered family-friendly (aRR 1.14, 95% CI 1.02-1.27) or flexible work arrangements (aRR 1.24, 95% CI 1.00-1.55), or they received Statutory Maternity Pay (SMP) plus additional pay during their maternity leave rather than SMP alone (aRR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02-1.26). These findings were independent of confounding factors, such as socio-economic status and maternal education.
Current policies may encourage mothers to enter or return to employment postpartum, but this may result in widening inequalities in breast-feeding and persistence of low rates. Policies should aim to increase financial support and incentives for employers to offer supportive work arrangements. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1017/S1368980007226096 |
| format | Article |
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Cohort study.
Babies aged 9 months in the Millennium Cohort Study, born between September 2000 and January 2002.
A total of 6917 British/Irish white employed mothers with singleton babies.
Mothers employed part-time or self-employed were more likely to breast-feed for at least 4 months than those employed full-time (adjusted rate ratio (aRR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.30 (1.17-1.44) and 1.74 (1.46-2.07), respectively). The longer a mother delayed her return to work postpartum, the more likely she was to breast-feed for at least 4 months (P for trend < 0.001). Mothers were less likely to breast-feed for at least 4 months if they returned to work for financial reasons (aRR 0.86, 95% CI 0.80-0.93) or used informal day care arrangements rather than care by themselves or their partner (aRR 0.81, 95% CI 0.71-0.91). Mothers were more likely to breastfeed for at least 4 months if their employer offered family-friendly (aRR 1.14, 95% CI 1.02-1.27) or flexible work arrangements (aRR 1.24, 95% CI 1.00-1.55), or they received Statutory Maternity Pay (SMP) plus additional pay during their maternity leave rather than SMP alone (aRR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02-1.26). These findings were independent of confounding factors, such as socio-economic status and maternal education.
Current policies may encourage mothers to enter or return to employment postpartum, but this may result in widening inequalities in breast-feeding and persistence of low rates. Policies should aim to increase financial support and incentives for employers to offer supportive work arrangements.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1368-9800</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1475-2727</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1017/S1368980007226096</identifier><identifier>PMID: 17381907</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press</publisher><subject><![CDATA[Adjustment ; Adult ; Age ; Babies ; balancing work and family ; Breast ; Breast Feeding - epidemiology ; Breast Feeding - psychology ; Breast Feeding - statistics & numerical data ; Breast-feeding ; Breastfeeding & lactation ; child care ; Child Day Care Centers - statistics & numerical data ; Children & youth ; Cohort analysis ; Cohort Studies ; Confidence Intervals ; Confounding (Statistics) ; Day care centers ; Educational Status ; employed women ; Employers ; Employment ; Employment - economics ; Employment - statistics & numerical data ; Families & family life ; Female ; Financial support ; Health services ; Humans ; Incentives ; Infant ; infant nutrition ; infants ; Male ; Maternity & paternity leaves ; Milk ; Minority & ethnic groups ; Mothers ; Mothers - psychology ; Nutrition ; Odds Ratio ; optimal nutrition ; Parental Leave ; Part time employment ; Policies ; Postpartum ; Public health ; Public policy ; Self employment ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Socioeconomics ; Time Factors ; UK Millennium Cohort Study ; United Kingdom - epidemiology ; White people ; Work ; working conditions ; Working mothers]]></subject><ispartof>Public health nutrition, 2007-09, Vol.10 (9), p.891-896</ispartof><rights>Copyright © The Authors 2007</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c534t-be5da084c27102f83c073c79e6d654a740dccf1a27aab396b44c3646e0123123</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c534t-be5da084c27102f83c073c79e6d654a740dccf1a27aab396b44c3646e0123123</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27843,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17381907$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hawkins, Summer Sherburne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Griffiths, Lucy Jane</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dezateux, Carol</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Millennium Cohort Study Child Health Group</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Catherine Law and the Millennium Cohort Study Child Health Group</creatorcontrib><title>The impact of maternal employment on breast-feeding duration in the UK Millennium Cohort Study</title><title>Public health nutrition</title><addtitle>Public Health Nutr</addtitle><description>To examine the relationship of maternal employment characteristics, day care arrangements and the type of maternity leave pay to breast-feeding for at least 4 months.
Cohort study.
Babies aged 9 months in the Millennium Cohort Study, born between September 2000 and January 2002.
A total of 6917 British/Irish white employed mothers with singleton babies.
Mothers employed part-time or self-employed were more likely to breast-feed for at least 4 months than those employed full-time (adjusted rate ratio (aRR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.30 (1.17-1.44) and 1.74 (1.46-2.07), respectively). The longer a mother delayed her return to work postpartum, the more likely she was to breast-feed for at least 4 months (P for trend < 0.001). Mothers were less likely to breast-feed for at least 4 months if they returned to work for financial reasons (aRR 0.86, 95% CI 0.80-0.93) or used informal day care arrangements rather than care by themselves or their partner (aRR 0.81, 95% CI 0.71-0.91). Mothers were more likely to breastfeed for at least 4 months if their employer offered family-friendly (aRR 1.14, 95% CI 1.02-1.27) or flexible work arrangements (aRR 1.24, 95% CI 1.00-1.55), or they received Statutory Maternity Pay (SMP) plus additional pay during their maternity leave rather than SMP alone (aRR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02-1.26). These findings were independent of confounding factors, such as socio-economic status and maternal education.
Current policies may encourage mothers to enter or return to employment postpartum, but this may result in widening inequalities in breast-feeding and persistence of low rates. Policies should aim to increase financial support and incentives for employers to offer supportive work arrangements.</description><subject>Adjustment</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Age</subject><subject>Babies</subject><subject>balancing work and family</subject><subject>Breast</subject><subject>Breast Feeding - epidemiology</subject><subject>Breast Feeding - psychology</subject><subject>Breast Feeding - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Breast-feeding</subject><subject>Breastfeeding & lactation</subject><subject>child care</subject><subject>Child Day Care Centers - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Children & youth</subject><subject>Cohort analysis</subject><subject>Cohort Studies</subject><subject>Confidence Intervals</subject><subject>Confounding (Statistics)</subject><subject>Day care centers</subject><subject>Educational Status</subject><subject>employed women</subject><subject>Employers</subject><subject>Employment</subject><subject>Employment - economics</subject><subject>Employment - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Families & family life</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Financial support</subject><subject>Health services</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Incentives</subject><subject>Infant</subject><subject>infant nutrition</subject><subject>infants</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Maternity & paternity leaves</subject><subject>Milk</subject><subject>Minority & ethnic groups</subject><subject>Mothers</subject><subject>Mothers - psychology</subject><subject>Nutrition</subject><subject>Odds Ratio</subject><subject>optimal nutrition</subject><subject>Parental Leave</subject><subject>Part time employment</subject><subject>Policies</subject><subject>Postpartum</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>Public policy</subject><subject>Self employment</subject><subject>Socioeconomic Factors</subject><subject>Socioeconomics</subject><subject>Time Factors</subject><subject>UK Millennium Cohort Study</subject><subject>United Kingdom - epidemiology</subject><subject>White people</subject><subject>Work</subject><subject>working conditions</subject><subject>Working mothers</subject><issn>1368-9800</issn><issn>1475-2727</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2007</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>7TQ</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkV-L1DAUxYso7rr6AXzRoOBb9eZ_-7gMuooj4k5XfDKkaTqbtWnHJAXn25sygwvKIgQS7v2dw7m5RfEUw2sMWL7ZYCqqugIASYiAWtwrTjGTvCSSyPv5ndvl0j8pHsV4kzkupXxYnGBJK1yDPC2-N9cWOb_TJqGpR14nG0Y9IOt3w7T3dszlEbXB6pjK3trOjVvUzUEnl-tuRCnrrz6iT24Y7Di62aPVdD2FhDZp7vaPiwe9HqJ9crzPiubd22b1vlx_vviwOl-XhlOWytbyTkPFDJEYSF9RA5IaWVvRCc60ZNAZ02NNpNYtrUXLmKGCCQuY0HzOilcH212Yfs42JuVdNHYY9GinOSpRYQ6kxv8FKeWsphQy-PIv8Gaal5-JilRUABcMRKZe3EkRCpWkYgmHD5AJU4zB9moXnNdhrzCoZY_qnz1mzbOj8dx6290qjovLQHkAXEz215--Dj-UkFRyJS6-qOYba_jXy7W6zPzzA9_rSeltcFFdbQhgClBBDWRxpMeY2rfBdVt7O8zdQX8DGf29dQ</recordid><startdate>20070901</startdate><enddate>20070901</enddate><creator>Hawkins, Summer Sherburne</creator><creator>Griffiths, Lucy Jane</creator><creator>Dezateux, Carol</creator><general>Cambridge University Press</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7RQ</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7TQ</scope><scope>DHY</scope><scope>DON</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20070901</creationdate><title>The impact of maternal employment on breast-feeding duration in the UK Millennium Cohort Study</title><author>Hawkins, Summer Sherburne ; Griffiths, Lucy Jane ; Dezateux, Carol</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c534t-be5da084c27102f83c073c79e6d654a740dccf1a27aab396b44c3646e0123123</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2007</creationdate><topic>Adjustment</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Age</topic><topic>Babies</topic><topic>balancing work and family</topic><topic>Breast</topic><topic>Breast Feeding - epidemiology</topic><topic>Breast Feeding - psychology</topic><topic>Breast Feeding - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Breast-feeding</topic><topic>Breastfeeding & lactation</topic><topic>child care</topic><topic>Child Day Care Centers - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Children & youth</topic><topic>Cohort analysis</topic><topic>Cohort Studies</topic><topic>Confidence Intervals</topic><topic>Confounding (Statistics)</topic><topic>Day care centers</topic><topic>Educational Status</topic><topic>employed women</topic><topic>Employers</topic><topic>Employment</topic><topic>Employment - economics</topic><topic>Employment - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Families & family life</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Financial support</topic><topic>Health services</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Incentives</topic><topic>Infant</topic><topic>infant nutrition</topic><topic>infants</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Maternity & paternity leaves</topic><topic>Milk</topic><topic>Minority & ethnic groups</topic><topic>Mothers</topic><topic>Mothers - psychology</topic><topic>Nutrition</topic><topic>Odds Ratio</topic><topic>optimal nutrition</topic><topic>Parental Leave</topic><topic>Part time employment</topic><topic>Policies</topic><topic>Postpartum</topic><topic>Public health</topic><topic>Public policy</topic><topic>Self employment</topic><topic>Socioeconomic Factors</topic><topic>Socioeconomics</topic><topic>Time Factors</topic><topic>UK Millennium Cohort Study</topic><topic>United Kingdom - epidemiology</topic><topic>White people</topic><topic>Work</topic><topic>working conditions</topic><topic>Working mothers</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Hawkins, Summer Sherburne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Griffiths, Lucy Jane</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dezateux, Carol</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Millennium Cohort Study Child Health Group</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Catherine Law and the Millennium Cohort Study Child Health Group</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Career & Technical Education Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>PAIS Index</collection><collection>PAIS International</collection><collection>PAIS International (Ovid)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Public health nutrition</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Hawkins, Summer Sherburne</au><au>Griffiths, Lucy Jane</au><au>Dezateux, Carol</au><aucorp>Millennium Cohort Study Child Health Group</aucorp><aucorp>Catherine Law and the Millennium Cohort Study Child Health Group</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The impact of maternal employment on breast-feeding duration in the UK Millennium Cohort Study</atitle><jtitle>Public health nutrition</jtitle><addtitle>Public Health Nutr</addtitle><date>2007-09-01</date><risdate>2007</risdate><volume>10</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>891</spage><epage>896</epage><pages>891-896</pages><issn>1368-9800</issn><eissn>1475-2727</eissn><abstract>To examine the relationship of maternal employment characteristics, day care arrangements and the type of maternity leave pay to breast-feeding for at least 4 months.
Cohort study.
Babies aged 9 months in the Millennium Cohort Study, born between September 2000 and January 2002.
A total of 6917 British/Irish white employed mothers with singleton babies.
Mothers employed part-time or self-employed were more likely to breast-feed for at least 4 months than those employed full-time (adjusted rate ratio (aRR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.30 (1.17-1.44) and 1.74 (1.46-2.07), respectively). The longer a mother delayed her return to work postpartum, the more likely she was to breast-feed for at least 4 months (P for trend < 0.001). Mothers were less likely to breast-feed for at least 4 months if they returned to work for financial reasons (aRR 0.86, 95% CI 0.80-0.93) or used informal day care arrangements rather than care by themselves or their partner (aRR 0.81, 95% CI 0.71-0.91). Mothers were more likely to breastfeed for at least 4 months if their employer offered family-friendly (aRR 1.14, 95% CI 1.02-1.27) or flexible work arrangements (aRR 1.24, 95% CI 1.00-1.55), or they received Statutory Maternity Pay (SMP) plus additional pay during their maternity leave rather than SMP alone (aRR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02-1.26). These findings were independent of confounding factors, such as socio-economic status and maternal education.
Current policies may encourage mothers to enter or return to employment postpartum, but this may result in widening inequalities in breast-feeding and persistence of low rates. Policies should aim to increase financial support and incentives for employers to offer supportive work arrangements.</abstract><cop>Cambridge, UK</cop><pub>Cambridge University Press</pub><pmid>17381907</pmid><doi>10.1017/S1368980007226096</doi><tpages>6</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Public health nutrition, 2007-09, Vol.10 (9), p.891-896 |
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| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; PAIS Index; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals |
| subjects | Adjustment Adult Age Babies balancing work and family Breast Breast Feeding - epidemiology Breast Feeding - psychology Breast Feeding - statistics & numerical data Breast-feeding Breastfeeding & lactation child care Child Day Care Centers - statistics & numerical data Children & youth Cohort analysis Cohort Studies Confidence Intervals Confounding (Statistics) Day care centers Educational Status employed women Employers Employment Employment - economics Employment - statistics & numerical data Families & family life Female Financial support Health services Humans Incentives Infant infant nutrition infants Male Maternity & paternity leaves Milk Minority & ethnic groups Mothers Mothers - psychology Nutrition Odds Ratio optimal nutrition Parental Leave Part time employment Policies Postpartum Public health Public policy Self employment Socioeconomic Factors Socioeconomics Time Factors UK Millennium Cohort Study United Kingdom - epidemiology White people Work working conditions Working mothers |
| title | The impact of maternal employment on breast-feeding duration in the UK Millennium Cohort Study |
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