Induction of four glutamine synthetase genes in brain of rainbow trout in response to elevated environmental ammonia
The key strategy for coping with elevated brain ammonia levels in vertebrates is the synthesis of glutamine from ammonia and glutamate, catalyzed by glutamine synthetase (GSase). We hypothesized that all four GSase isoforms (Onmy-GS01-GS04) are expressed in the brain of the ammonia-intolerant rainbo...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of experimental biology 2007-08, Vol.210 (Pt 16), p.2905-2911 |
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description | The key strategy for coping with elevated brain ammonia levels in vertebrates is the synthesis of glutamine from ammonia and glutamate, catalyzed by glutamine synthetase (GSase). We hypothesized that all four GSase isoforms (Onmy-GS01-GS04) are expressed in the brain of the ammonia-intolerant rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and that cerebral GSase is induced during ammonia stress. We measured GSase activity and the mRNA expression of Onmy-GS01-GS04 in fore-, mid- and hindbrain and liver, as well as ammonia concentrations in plasma, liver and brain of fish exposed to 9 or 48 h of 0 (control) or 670 micromol l(-1) NH(4)Cl (75% of the 96 h-LC(50) value). The mRNA of all four GSase isoforms were detected in brain (not liver). After 9 h of NH(4)Cl exposure, brain, liver and plasma ammonia content were elevated by two- to fourfold over control values. Midbrain, hindbrain and liver GSase activities were 1.3- to 1.5-fold higher in ammonia-exposed fish relative to control fish. Onmy-GS01-GS04 mRNA levels in brain (not liver) of ammonia-exposed fish (9 h) were significantly elevated by two- to fourfold over control values. After 48 h of the NH(4)Cl treatment, ammonia content and GSase activity, but not mRNA levels, in all tissues examined remained elevated compared to control fish. Taken together, these findings indicate that all four GSase isoforms are constitutively expressed in trout brain and are inducible under high external ammonia conditions. Moreover, elevation of GSase activities in fore-, mid- and hindbrain in response to environmental ammonia underlines the importance of brain GSase in the ammonia-stress response. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1242/jeb.003905 |
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We hypothesized that all four GSase isoforms (Onmy-GS01-GS04) are expressed in the brain of the ammonia-intolerant rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and that cerebral GSase is induced during ammonia stress. We measured GSase activity and the mRNA expression of Onmy-GS01-GS04 in fore-, mid- and hindbrain and liver, as well as ammonia concentrations in plasma, liver and brain of fish exposed to 9 or 48 h of 0 (control) or 670 micromol l(-1) NH(4)Cl (75% of the 96 h-LC(50) value). The mRNA of all four GSase isoforms were detected in brain (not liver). After 9 h of NH(4)Cl exposure, brain, liver and plasma ammonia content were elevated by two- to fourfold over control values. Midbrain, hindbrain and liver GSase activities were 1.3- to 1.5-fold higher in ammonia-exposed fish relative to control fish. Onmy-GS01-GS04 mRNA levels in brain (not liver) of ammonia-exposed fish (9 h) were significantly elevated by two- to fourfold over control values. After 48 h of the NH(4)Cl treatment, ammonia content and GSase activity, but not mRNA levels, in all tissues examined remained elevated compared to control fish. Taken together, these findings indicate that all four GSase isoforms are constitutively expressed in trout brain and are inducible under high external ammonia conditions. Moreover, elevation of GSase activities in fore-, mid- and hindbrain in response to environmental ammonia underlines the importance of brain GSase in the ammonia-stress response.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0022-0949</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1477-9145</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1242/jeb.003905</identifier><identifier>PMID: 17690239</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England</publisher><subject>Ammonia - chemistry ; Ammonia - pharmacology ; Animals ; Brackish ; Brain - enzymology ; Environment ; Enzyme Induction - drug effects ; Freshwater ; Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase - genetics ; Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase - metabolism ; Marine ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Oncorhynchus mykiss - metabolism ; Water - chemistry</subject><ispartof>Journal of experimental biology, 2007-08, Vol.210 (Pt 16), p.2905-2911</ispartof><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c390t-708230eab6c079a5436e0f224bde470d6ef4c085836a5990a44151c4414214a83</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c390t-708230eab6c079a5436e0f224bde470d6ef4c085836a5990a44151c4414214a83</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3678,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17690239$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Wright, P A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Steele, S L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huitema, A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bernier, N J</creatorcontrib><title>Induction of four glutamine synthetase genes in brain of rainbow trout in response to elevated environmental ammonia</title><title>Journal of experimental biology</title><addtitle>J Exp Biol</addtitle><description>The key strategy for coping with elevated brain ammonia levels in vertebrates is the synthesis of glutamine from ammonia and glutamate, catalyzed by glutamine synthetase (GSase). We hypothesized that all four GSase isoforms (Onmy-GS01-GS04) are expressed in the brain of the ammonia-intolerant rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and that cerebral GSase is induced during ammonia stress. We measured GSase activity and the mRNA expression of Onmy-GS01-GS04 in fore-, mid- and hindbrain and liver, as well as ammonia concentrations in plasma, liver and brain of fish exposed to 9 or 48 h of 0 (control) or 670 micromol l(-1) NH(4)Cl (75% of the 96 h-LC(50) value). The mRNA of all four GSase isoforms were detected in brain (not liver). After 9 h of NH(4)Cl exposure, brain, liver and plasma ammonia content were elevated by two- to fourfold over control values. Midbrain, hindbrain and liver GSase activities were 1.3- to 1.5-fold higher in ammonia-exposed fish relative to control fish. Onmy-GS01-GS04 mRNA levels in brain (not liver) of ammonia-exposed fish (9 h) were significantly elevated by two- to fourfold over control values. After 48 h of the NH(4)Cl treatment, ammonia content and GSase activity, but not mRNA levels, in all tissues examined remained elevated compared to control fish. Taken together, these findings indicate that all four GSase isoforms are constitutively expressed in trout brain and are inducible under high external ammonia conditions. Moreover, elevation of GSase activities in fore-, mid- and hindbrain in response to environmental ammonia underlines the importance of brain GSase in the ammonia-stress response.</description><subject>Ammonia - chemistry</subject><subject>Ammonia - pharmacology</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Brackish</subject><subject>Brain - enzymology</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Enzyme Induction - drug effects</subject><subject>Freshwater</subject><subject>Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase - genetics</subject><subject>Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase - metabolism</subject><subject>Marine</subject><subject>Oncorhynchus mykiss</subject><subject>Oncorhynchus mykiss - metabolism</subject><subject>Water - chemistry</subject><issn>0022-0949</issn><issn>1477-9145</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2007</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkT9PwzAQxS0EoqWw8AGQJwaklLNjJ_GIKv5JlVhgjpzkUlwldrGdon57UlqJkRvuDffTk-49Qq4ZzBkX_H6N1RwgVSBPyJSJPE8UE_KUTAE4T0AJNSEXIaxhnEyKczJheaaAp2pK4qtthjoaZ6lraesGT1fdEHVvLNKws_ETow5IV2gxUGNp5bX5ZfdauW8avRvi_uIxbJwd2egodrjVERuKdmu8sz3aqDuq-95Zoy_JWau7gFdHnZGPp8f3xUuyfHt-XTwsk3p8JiY5FDwF1FVWQ660FGmG0HIuqgZFDk2GraihkEWaaakUaCGYZPW4BWdCF-mM3B58N959DRhi2ZtQY9dpi24IZVYwUeRK_gsyVRRcMTaCdwew9i4Ej2258abXflcyKPdllGMZ5aGMEb45ug5Vj80fekw__QGEy4XI</recordid><startdate>200708</startdate><enddate>200708</enddate><creator>Wright, P A</creator><creator>Steele, S L</creator><creator>Huitema, A</creator><creator>Bernier, N J</creator><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H95</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>200708</creationdate><title>Induction of four glutamine synthetase genes in brain of rainbow trout in response to elevated environmental ammonia</title><author>Wright, P A ; Steele, S L ; Huitema, A ; Bernier, N J</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c390t-708230eab6c079a5436e0f224bde470d6ef4c085836a5990a44151c4414214a83</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2007</creationdate><topic>Ammonia - chemistry</topic><topic>Ammonia - pharmacology</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Brackish</topic><topic>Brain - enzymology</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Enzyme Induction - drug effects</topic><topic>Freshwater</topic><topic>Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase - genetics</topic><topic>Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase - metabolism</topic><topic>Marine</topic><topic>Oncorhynchus mykiss</topic><topic>Oncorhynchus mykiss - metabolism</topic><topic>Water - chemistry</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Wright, P A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Steele, S L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huitema, A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bernier, N J</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 1: Biological Sciences & Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of experimental biology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Wright, P A</au><au>Steele, S L</au><au>Huitema, A</au><au>Bernier, N J</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Induction of four glutamine synthetase genes in brain of rainbow trout in response to elevated environmental ammonia</atitle><jtitle>Journal of experimental biology</jtitle><addtitle>J Exp Biol</addtitle><date>2007-08</date><risdate>2007</risdate><volume>210</volume><issue>Pt 16</issue><spage>2905</spage><epage>2911</epage><pages>2905-2911</pages><issn>0022-0949</issn><eissn>1477-9145</eissn><abstract>The key strategy for coping with elevated brain ammonia levels in vertebrates is the synthesis of glutamine from ammonia and glutamate, catalyzed by glutamine synthetase (GSase). We hypothesized that all four GSase isoforms (Onmy-GS01-GS04) are expressed in the brain of the ammonia-intolerant rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and that cerebral GSase is induced during ammonia stress. We measured GSase activity and the mRNA expression of Onmy-GS01-GS04 in fore-, mid- and hindbrain and liver, as well as ammonia concentrations in plasma, liver and brain of fish exposed to 9 or 48 h of 0 (control) or 670 micromol l(-1) NH(4)Cl (75% of the 96 h-LC(50) value). The mRNA of all four GSase isoforms were detected in brain (not liver). After 9 h of NH(4)Cl exposure, brain, liver and plasma ammonia content were elevated by two- to fourfold over control values. Midbrain, hindbrain and liver GSase activities were 1.3- to 1.5-fold higher in ammonia-exposed fish relative to control fish. Onmy-GS01-GS04 mRNA levels in brain (not liver) of ammonia-exposed fish (9 h) were significantly elevated by two- to fourfold over control values. After 48 h of the NH(4)Cl treatment, ammonia content and GSase activity, but not mRNA levels, in all tissues examined remained elevated compared to control fish. Taken together, these findings indicate that all four GSase isoforms are constitutively expressed in trout brain and are inducible under high external ammonia conditions. Moreover, elevation of GSase activities in fore-, mid- and hindbrain in response to environmental ammonia underlines the importance of brain GSase in the ammonia-stress response.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pmid>17690239</pmid><doi>10.1242/jeb.003905</doi><tpages>7</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Ammonia - chemistry Ammonia - pharmacology Animals Brackish Brain - enzymology Environment Enzyme Induction - drug effects Freshwater Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase - genetics Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase - metabolism Marine Oncorhynchus mykiss Oncorhynchus mykiss - metabolism Water - chemistry |
title | Induction of four glutamine synthetase genes in brain of rainbow trout in response to elevated environmental ammonia |
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