Vertebral Fracture Assessment by Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry: Insurance Coverage Issues in the United States A White Paper of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry

Abstract Clinical trial data and fracture risk prediction models unequivocally demonstrate the utility of identifying prevalent vertebral fractures to predict future fractures of all types. Knowledge of prevalent vertebral fractures can alter patient management decisions and result in initiation of therapy to reduce fracture risk in some patients who would not otherwise be treated. Cost-benefit analysis demonstrates that identifying and treating patients with vertebral fractures, even those with a densitometric classification of osteopenia, is cost effective. Vertebral fractures can be readily identified in the office setting using standard radiography or Vertebral Fracture Assessment (VFA), a software addition to a central dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) machine. In the United States, VFA was assigned a Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code in January 2005. Nevertheless, coverage of VFA has not been uniformly embraced by Medicare carriers, companies that contract with the federal government to administer Medicare coverage and process claims for a region of the United States. Unlike DXA, for which uniform national coverage of qualified Medicare beneficiaries is mandated by the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, VFA coverage policies are determined by the local Medicare carriers. Third-party insurers are also variable in their coverage of VFA. This International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) White Paper documents the role of VFA in the evaluation and treatment of women with postmenopausal osteoporosis and compares it with standard spine radiography. Arguments used by some Medicare carriers and insurers to deny coverage of VFA in the United States are analyzed and critiqued. For health care providers within the United States, this White Paper may serve as a resource to respond to insurers who deny coverage of VFA. For health care providers regardless of their country, this article underscores the value of VFA as an alternative to spine radiography in the evaluation and management of postmenopausal women with suspected osteoporosis.