Aggressive intracranial and extra‐cranial epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: A case report and review of the literature

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is a rare tumor of intermediate malignancy. Twelve intracranial cases have been well documented. We report an intra‐ and extra‐cranial single mass epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. We describe the case of a 27‐year‐old male who presented a left temporal and retroauricular pain and an intra and extra‐cranial mass extending to the left infratemporal fossa. The neoplasm was isointense with gray matter in both T1 and T2‐weighted images, showing marked nodular gadolinium enhancement. About 90% of the tumor was surgically removed. The neoplasm was fibrous, well defined and arose from the left temporal artery branches. Recovery was uneventful. The histological diagnosis was epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. Enhanced magnetic resonance scan was repeated at 3 and 6 months after surgery, showing an increasing mass volume extending to the surrounding tissues, including intracranially, infratemporal fossa and left orbit. The patient died 8 months after the initial diagnosis. Epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas can be very aggressive tumors, presenting initially at an intra‐ and extra‐cranial location, due to its fast growth. From our review of the literature, they seem to have an equal gender distribution (M : F = 7 : 6) and tend to affect people under the age of 30 (10/13). We report a unique and extremely aggressive tumor. The rarity of reports and the continuous spectrum of differentiation, ranging from borderline to highly malignant are obstacles to identifying initial therapeutic protocols and the adjunctive therapy after surgery.