Effect of number of tailshocks on learned helplessness and activation of serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons in the rat
Adult male albino rats were exposed to varying numbers of tailshocks (0, 10, 50 or 100). The following day, their escape latencies in a shuttlebox were measured in order to estimate the degree of learned helplessness (LH) produced by the varying number of shocks. Only the groups exposed to 50 or 100...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Behavioural brain research 2005-07, Vol.162 (2), p.299-306 |
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| creator | Takase, Luiz F. Nogueira, Maria Inês Bland, Sondra T. Baratta, Michael Watkins, Linda R. Maier, Steven F. Fornal, Casimir A. Jacobs, Barry L. |
| description | Adult male albino rats were exposed to varying numbers of tailshocks (0, 10, 50 or 100). The following day, their escape latencies in a shuttlebox were measured in order to estimate the degree of learned helplessness (LH) produced by the varying number of shocks. Only the groups exposed to 50 or 100 shocks displayed evidence of LH. In a parallel experiment,
c-fos activation was used to determine the degree of activation of raphe serotonergic neurons (FosIR
+
5-HT) and locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic neurons (FosIR
+
TH) produced by the same shock conditions. Compared to unhandled cage controls, all shock groups (0 shocks was a restrained group) significantly activated both raphe and LC neurons. The 50 and 100 shock groups had significantly higher degrees of activation of serotonergic neurons in the rostral raphe groups and the LC than the 0 and 10 shock groups. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that activation of rostral raphe serotonergic neurons and LC noradrenergic neurons beyond a certain threshold may be critical for the development of LH. The relevance of these results for elucidating the neural bases of psychopathology is discussed. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.04.008 |
| format | Article |
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c-fos activation was used to determine the degree of activation of raphe serotonergic neurons (FosIR
+
5-HT) and locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic neurons (FosIR
+
TH) produced by the same shock conditions. Compared to unhandled cage controls, all shock groups (0 shocks was a restrained group) significantly activated both raphe and LC neurons. The 50 and 100 shock groups had significantly higher degrees of activation of serotonergic neurons in the rostral raphe groups and the LC than the 0 and 10 shock groups. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that activation of rostral raphe serotonergic neurons and LC noradrenergic neurons beyond a certain threshold may be critical for the development of LH. The relevance of these results for elucidating the neural bases of psychopathology is discussed.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0166-4328</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1872-7549</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.04.008</identifier><identifier>PMID: 15913803</identifier><identifier>CODEN: BBREDI</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Shannon: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Behavioral psychophysiology ; Biological and medical sciences ; c-fos ; Cell Count - methods ; Depression ; Electroshock - adverse effects ; Escape Reaction - physiology ; Escape Reaction - radiation effects ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Helplessness, Learned ; Immunohistochemistry - methods ; Inescapable shock ; Learned helplessness ; Locus coeruleus ; Locus Coeruleus - cytology ; Locus Coeruleus - metabolism ; Male ; Neurons - physiology ; Neurotransmission and behavior ; Norepinephrine ; Norepinephrine - metabolism ; Oncogene Proteins v-fos - metabolism ; Personality. Affectivity ; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry ; Psychology. Psychophysiology ; Random Allocation ; Raphe ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reinforcement Schedule ; Serotonin ; Serotonin - metabolism ; Sexuality. Sexual behavior ; Tail - innervation ; Tail - radiation effects ; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase - metabolism</subject><ispartof>Behavioural brain research, 2005-07, Vol.162 (2), p.299-306</ispartof><rights>2005 Elsevier B.V.</rights><rights>2005 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c509t-fae2577eb39781ebcd47efc858448b738114555d1c99bd7fab541634c11290a3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c509t-fae2577eb39781ebcd47efc858448b738114555d1c99bd7fab541634c11290a3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016643280500152X$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3536,27903,27904,65309</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=16897233$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15913803$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Takase, Luiz F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nogueira, Maria Inês</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bland, Sondra T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Baratta, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Watkins, Linda R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maier, Steven F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fornal, Casimir A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jacobs, Barry L.</creatorcontrib><title>Effect of number of tailshocks on learned helplessness and activation of serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons in the rat</title><title>Behavioural brain research</title><addtitle>Behav Brain Res</addtitle><description>Adult male albino rats were exposed to varying numbers of tailshocks (0, 10, 50 or 100). The following day, their escape latencies in a shuttlebox were measured in order to estimate the degree of learned helplessness (LH) produced by the varying number of shocks. Only the groups exposed to 50 or 100 shocks displayed evidence of LH. In a parallel experiment,
c-fos activation was used to determine the degree of activation of raphe serotonergic neurons (FosIR
+
5-HT) and locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic neurons (FosIR
+
TH) produced by the same shock conditions. Compared to unhandled cage controls, all shock groups (0 shocks was a restrained group) significantly activated both raphe and LC neurons. The 50 and 100 shock groups had significantly higher degrees of activation of serotonergic neurons in the rostral raphe groups and the LC than the 0 and 10 shock groups. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that activation of rostral raphe serotonergic neurons and LC noradrenergic neurons beyond a certain threshold may be critical for the development of LH. The relevance of these results for elucidating the neural bases of psychopathology is discussed.</description><subject>Analysis of Variance</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Behavior, Animal</subject><subject>Behavioral psychophysiology</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>c-fos</subject><subject>Cell Count - methods</subject><subject>Depression</subject><subject>Electroshock - adverse effects</subject><subject>Escape Reaction - physiology</subject><subject>Escape Reaction - radiation effects</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Helplessness, Learned</subject><subject>Immunohistochemistry - methods</subject><subject>Inescapable shock</subject><subject>Learned helplessness</subject><subject>Locus coeruleus</subject><subject>Locus Coeruleus - cytology</subject><subject>Locus Coeruleus - metabolism</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Neurons - physiology</subject><subject>Neurotransmission and behavior</subject><subject>Norepinephrine</subject><subject>Norepinephrine - metabolism</subject><subject>Oncogene Proteins v-fos - metabolism</subject><subject>Personality. Affectivity</subject><subject>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</subject><subject>Psychology. Psychophysiology</subject><subject>Random Allocation</subject><subject>Raphe</subject><subject>Rats</subject><subject>Rats, Sprague-Dawley</subject><subject>Reinforcement Schedule</subject><subject>Serotonin</subject><subject>Serotonin - metabolism</subject><subject>Sexuality. Sexual behavior</subject><subject>Tail - innervation</subject><subject>Tail - radiation effects</subject><subject>Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase - metabolism</subject><issn>0166-4328</issn><issn>1872-7549</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2005</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkUtv3CAURlHUKpmk-QHdVGzanV2wwYC6qqL0IUXqJnvE47rD1ANTsCMlv75MxlJ2zQKB4Hz3XnEQek9JSwkdPu9aa3PbEcJbwlpC5BnaUCm6RnCm3qBNZYaG9Z28QJel7AghjHB6ji4oV7SXpN-gp9txBDfjNOK47C3k42k2YSrb5P4UnCKewOQIHm9hOkxQSqwLm-ixcXN4MHOoTA0VyGlOEfLv4J6fY8rGZ1hvIiw5xYJDxPMWcDbzO_R2NFOB63W_Qvffbu9vfjR3v77_vPl61zhO1NyMBjouBNheCUnBOs8EjE5yyZi0opeUMs65p04p68VoLGd06JmjtFPE9Ffo06nsIae_C5RZ70NxME0mQlqKHoTig-jEq2BHJB2kkq-CVHDVq66vID2BLqdSMoz6kMPe5EdNiT4a1DtdDeqjQU2YrgZr5sNafLF78C-JVVkFPq6AKc5MYzbRhfLC1RFF7V25LycO6t8-BMi6uADRgQ-5Gtc-hf-M8Q8h3bn5</recordid><startdate>20050730</startdate><enddate>20050730</enddate><creator>Takase, Luiz F.</creator><creator>Nogueira, Maria Inês</creator><creator>Bland, Sondra T.</creator><creator>Baratta, Michael</creator><creator>Watkins, Linda R.</creator><creator>Maier, Steven F.</creator><creator>Fornal, Casimir A.</creator><creator>Jacobs, Barry L.</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><general>Elsevier Science</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20050730</creationdate><title>Effect of number of tailshocks on learned helplessness and activation of serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons in the rat</title><author>Takase, Luiz F. ; Nogueira, Maria Inês ; Bland, Sondra T. ; Baratta, Michael ; Watkins, Linda R. ; Maier, Steven F. ; Fornal, Casimir A. ; Jacobs, Barry L.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c509t-fae2577eb39781ebcd47efc858448b738114555d1c99bd7fab541634c11290a3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2005</creationdate><topic>Analysis of Variance</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Behavior, Animal</topic><topic>Behavioral psychophysiology</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>c-fos</topic><topic>Cell Count - methods</topic><topic>Depression</topic><topic>Electroshock - adverse effects</topic><topic>Escape Reaction - physiology</topic><topic>Escape Reaction - radiation effects</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Helplessness, Learned</topic><topic>Immunohistochemistry - methods</topic><topic>Inescapable shock</topic><topic>Learned helplessness</topic><topic>Locus coeruleus</topic><topic>Locus Coeruleus - cytology</topic><topic>Locus Coeruleus - metabolism</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Neurons - physiology</topic><topic>Neurotransmission and behavior</topic><topic>Norepinephrine</topic><topic>Norepinephrine - metabolism</topic><topic>Oncogene Proteins v-fos - metabolism</topic><topic>Personality. Affectivity</topic><topic>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Psychology. Psychophysiology</topic><topic>Random Allocation</topic><topic>Raphe</topic><topic>Rats</topic><topic>Rats, Sprague-Dawley</topic><topic>Reinforcement Schedule</topic><topic>Serotonin</topic><topic>Serotonin - metabolism</topic><topic>Sexuality. Sexual behavior</topic><topic>Tail - innervation</topic><topic>Tail - radiation effects</topic><topic>Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase - metabolism</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Takase, Luiz F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nogueira, Maria Inês</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bland, Sondra T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Baratta, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Watkins, Linda R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maier, Steven F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fornal, Casimir A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jacobs, Barry L.</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Behavioural brain research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Takase, Luiz F.</au><au>Nogueira, Maria Inês</au><au>Bland, Sondra T.</au><au>Baratta, Michael</au><au>Watkins, Linda R.</au><au>Maier, Steven F.</au><au>Fornal, Casimir A.</au><au>Jacobs, Barry L.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effect of number of tailshocks on learned helplessness and activation of serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons in the rat</atitle><jtitle>Behavioural brain research</jtitle><addtitle>Behav Brain Res</addtitle><date>2005-07-30</date><risdate>2005</risdate><volume>162</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>299</spage><epage>306</epage><pages>299-306</pages><issn>0166-4328</issn><eissn>1872-7549</eissn><coden>BBREDI</coden><abstract>Adult male albino rats were exposed to varying numbers of tailshocks (0, 10, 50 or 100). The following day, their escape latencies in a shuttlebox were measured in order to estimate the degree of learned helplessness (LH) produced by the varying number of shocks. Only the groups exposed to 50 or 100 shocks displayed evidence of LH. In a parallel experiment,
c-fos activation was used to determine the degree of activation of raphe serotonergic neurons (FosIR
+
5-HT) and locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic neurons (FosIR
+
TH) produced by the same shock conditions. Compared to unhandled cage controls, all shock groups (0 shocks was a restrained group) significantly activated both raphe and LC neurons. The 50 and 100 shock groups had significantly higher degrees of activation of serotonergic neurons in the rostral raphe groups and the LC than the 0 and 10 shock groups. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that activation of rostral raphe serotonergic neurons and LC noradrenergic neurons beyond a certain threshold may be critical for the development of LH. The relevance of these results for elucidating the neural bases of psychopathology is discussed.</abstract><cop>Shannon</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><pmid>15913803</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.bbr.2005.04.008</doi><tpages>8</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Behavioural brain research, 2005-07, Vol.162 (2), p.299-306 |
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| subjects | Analysis of Variance Animals Behavior, Animal Behavioral psychophysiology Biological and medical sciences c-fos Cell Count - methods Depression Electroshock - adverse effects Escape Reaction - physiology Escape Reaction - radiation effects Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Helplessness, Learned Immunohistochemistry - methods Inescapable shock Learned helplessness Locus coeruleus Locus Coeruleus - cytology Locus Coeruleus - metabolism Male Neurons - physiology Neurotransmission and behavior Norepinephrine Norepinephrine - metabolism Oncogene Proteins v-fos - metabolism Personality. Affectivity Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychology. Psychophysiology Random Allocation Raphe Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley Reinforcement Schedule Serotonin Serotonin - metabolism Sexuality. Sexual behavior Tail - innervation Tail - radiation effects Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase - metabolism |
| title | Effect of number of tailshocks on learned helplessness and activation of serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons in the rat |
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