cold inducible multidomain cystatin from winter wheat inhibits growth of the snow mold fungus, Microdochium nivale
A novel cold-induced cystatin cDNA clone (TaMDC1) was isolated from cold acclimated winter wheat crown tissue by using a macroarray-based differential screening method. The deduced amino acid sequence consisted of a putative N-terminal secretory signal peptide of 37 amino acids and a mature protein...
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| description | A novel cold-induced cystatin cDNA clone (TaMDC1) was isolated from cold acclimated winter wheat crown tissue by using a macroarray-based differential screening method. The deduced amino acid sequence consisted of a putative N-terminal secretory signal peptide of 37 amino acids and a mature protein (mTaMDC1) with a molecular mass of 23 kDa. The mTaMDC1 had a highly conserved N-terminal cystatin domain and a long C-terminal extension containing a second region, which exhibited partial similarity to the cystatin domain. The recombinant mTaMDC1 was purified from Escherichia coli and its cysteine proteinase inhibitory activity against papain was analyzed. The calculated Ki value of 5.8×10-7 M is comparable to those reported for other phytocystatins. Northern and western blot analyses showed elevated expression of TaMDC1 mRNA and protein during cold acclimation of wheat. In addition to cold, accumulation of the TaMDC1 message was induced by other abiotic stresses including drought, salt and ABA treatment. Investigation of in vitro antifungal activity of mTaMDC1 showed strong inhibition on the mycelium growth of the snow mold fungus Microdochium nivale. Hyphae growth was totally inhibited in the presence of 50 μg/ml mTaMDC1 and morphological changes such as swelling, fragmentation and sporulation of the fungus were observed. The mechanisms of the in vitro antifungal effects and the possible involvement of TaMDC1 in cold induced snow mold resistance of winter wheat are discussed. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00425-005-0169-9 |
| format | Article |
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The deduced amino acid sequence consisted of a putative N-terminal secretory signal peptide of 37 amino acids and a mature protein (mTaMDC1) with a molecular mass of 23 kDa. The mTaMDC1 had a highly conserved N-terminal cystatin domain and a long C-terminal extension containing a second region, which exhibited partial similarity to the cystatin domain. The recombinant mTaMDC1 was purified from Escherichia coli and its cysteine proteinase inhibitory activity against papain was analyzed. The calculated Ki value of 5.8×10-7 M is comparable to those reported for other phytocystatins. Northern and western blot analyses showed elevated expression of TaMDC1 mRNA and protein during cold acclimation of wheat. In addition to cold, accumulation of the TaMDC1 message was induced by other abiotic stresses including drought, salt and ABA treatment. Investigation of in vitro antifungal activity of mTaMDC1 showed strong inhibition on the mycelium growth of the snow mold fungus Microdochium nivale. Hyphae growth was totally inhibited in the presence of 50 μg/ml mTaMDC1 and morphological changes such as swelling, fragmentation and sporulation of the fungus were observed. The mechanisms of the in vitro antifungal effects and the possible involvement of TaMDC1 in cold induced snow mold resistance of winter wheat are discussed.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0032-0935</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1432-2048</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0169-9</identifier><identifier>PMID: 16320069</identifier><identifier>CODEN: PLANAB</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin: Springer-Verlag</publisher><subject>abiotic stress ; Acclimatization ; Amino Acid Sequence ; amino acid sequences ; Amino acids ; analysis ; Antifungal Agents ; Antifungal Agents - chemistry ; Antifungal Agents - pharmacology ; antifungal properties ; Antifungals ; Ascomycota ; Ascomycota - cytology ; Ascomycota - drug effects ; Ascomycota - growth & development ; Base Sequence ; Biological and medical sciences ; chemistry ; cold stress ; Cold Temperature ; Complementary DNA ; conserved sequences ; Cystatins ; Cystatins - chemistry ; Cystatins - metabolism ; Cystatins - pharmacology ; cystein proteinase inhibitors ; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors ; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors - chemistry ; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors - pharmacology ; cysteine proteinases ; cytology ; disease resistance ; DNA, Complementary ; DNA, Complementary - analysis ; Drought ; drug effects ; E coli ; enzyme inhibition ; Enzymes ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; fungal diseases of plants ; Fungi ; gene expression regulation ; growth & development ; Hyphae ; messenger RNA ; metabolism ; microbiology ; Mold ; molds (fungi) ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Monographella nivalis ; nucleotide sequences ; papain ; pharmacology ; Physical agents ; plant pathogenic fungi ; Plant physiology and development ; plant proteins ; Plant Proteins - chemistry ; Plant Proteins - metabolism ; Plant Proteins - pharmacology ; plant stress ; Plants ; protein content ; proteinase inhibitors ; Proteins ; recombinant fusion proteins ; resistance mechanisms ; Rice ; RNA, Messenger ; RNA, Messenger - metabolism ; seed germination ; Sequence Alignment ; sequence analysis ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Snow ; Triticum ; Triticum - metabolism ; Triticum - microbiology ; Triticum aestivum ; Vegetative apparatus, growth and morphogenesis. Senescence ; Wheat ; Winter wheat</subject><ispartof>Planta, 2006-05, Vol.223 (6), p.1207-1218</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006</rights><rights>2006 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Springer-Verlag 2006</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c544t-d9e778cfd0a9a0ea8c3aee36a1a24bb0d8c03f4140df37b5ef6832ee9e3877bc3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c544t-d9e778cfd0a9a0ea8c3aee36a1a24bb0d8c03f4140df37b5ef6832ee9e3877bc3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/23389364$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/23389364$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,799,27901,27902,57992,58225</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=17775271$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16320069$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Christova, P.K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Christov, N.K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Imai, R</creatorcontrib><title>cold inducible multidomain cystatin from winter wheat inhibits growth of the snow mold fungus, Microdochium nivale</title><title>Planta</title><addtitle>Planta</addtitle><description>A novel cold-induced cystatin cDNA clone (TaMDC1) was isolated from cold acclimated winter wheat crown tissue by using a macroarray-based differential screening method. The deduced amino acid sequence consisted of a putative N-terminal secretory signal peptide of 37 amino acids and a mature protein (mTaMDC1) with a molecular mass of 23 kDa. The mTaMDC1 had a highly conserved N-terminal cystatin domain and a long C-terminal extension containing a second region, which exhibited partial similarity to the cystatin domain. The recombinant mTaMDC1 was purified from Escherichia coli and its cysteine proteinase inhibitory activity against papain was analyzed. The calculated Ki value of 5.8×10-7 M is comparable to those reported for other phytocystatins. Northern and western blot analyses showed elevated expression of TaMDC1 mRNA and protein during cold acclimation of wheat. In addition to cold, accumulation of the TaMDC1 message was induced by other abiotic stresses including drought, salt and ABA treatment. Investigation of in vitro antifungal activity of mTaMDC1 showed strong inhibition on the mycelium growth of the snow mold fungus Microdochium nivale. Hyphae growth was totally inhibited in the presence of 50 μg/ml mTaMDC1 and morphological changes such as swelling, fragmentation and sporulation of the fungus were observed. The mechanisms of the in vitro antifungal effects and the possible involvement of TaMDC1 in cold induced snow mold resistance of winter wheat are discussed.</description><subject>abiotic stress</subject><subject>Acclimatization</subject><subject>Amino Acid Sequence</subject><subject>amino acid sequences</subject><subject>Amino acids</subject><subject>analysis</subject><subject>Antifungal Agents</subject><subject>Antifungal Agents - chemistry</subject><subject>Antifungal Agents - pharmacology</subject><subject>antifungal properties</subject><subject>Antifungals</subject><subject>Ascomycota</subject><subject>Ascomycota - cytology</subject><subject>Ascomycota - drug effects</subject><subject>Ascomycota - growth & development</subject><subject>Base Sequence</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>chemistry</subject><subject>cold stress</subject><subject>Cold Temperature</subject><subject>Complementary DNA</subject><subject>conserved sequences</subject><subject>Cystatins</subject><subject>Cystatins - chemistry</subject><subject>Cystatins - metabolism</subject><subject>Cystatins - pharmacology</subject><subject>cystein proteinase inhibitors</subject><subject>Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors</subject><subject>Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors - chemistry</subject><subject>Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors - pharmacology</subject><subject>cysteine proteinases</subject><subject>cytology</subject><subject>disease resistance</subject><subject>DNA, Complementary</subject><subject>DNA, Complementary - analysis</subject><subject>Drought</subject><subject>drug effects</subject><subject>E coli</subject><subject>enzyme inhibition</subject><subject>Enzymes</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>fungal diseases of plants</subject><subject>Fungi</subject><subject>gene expression regulation</subject><subject>growth & development</subject><subject>Hyphae</subject><subject>messenger RNA</subject><subject>metabolism</subject><subject>microbiology</subject><subject>Mold</subject><subject>molds (fungi)</subject><subject>Molecular Sequence Data</subject><subject>Monographella nivalis</subject><subject>nucleotide sequences</subject><subject>papain</subject><subject>pharmacology</subject><subject>Physical agents</subject><subject>plant pathogenic fungi</subject><subject>Plant physiology and development</subject><subject>plant proteins</subject><subject>Plant Proteins - chemistry</subject><subject>Plant Proteins - metabolism</subject><subject>Plant Proteins - pharmacology</subject><subject>plant stress</subject><subject>Plants</subject><subject>protein content</subject><subject>proteinase inhibitors</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>recombinant fusion proteins</subject><subject>resistance mechanisms</subject><subject>Rice</subject><subject>RNA, Messenger</subject><subject>RNA, Messenger - metabolism</subject><subject>seed germination</subject><subject>Sequence Alignment</subject><subject>sequence analysis</subject><subject>Sequence Analysis, DNA</subject><subject>Snow</subject><subject>Triticum</subject><subject>Triticum - metabolism</subject><subject>Triticum - microbiology</subject><subject>Triticum aestivum</subject><subject>Vegetative apparatus, growth and morphogenesis. Senescence</subject><subject>Wheat</subject><subject>Winter wheat</subject><issn>0032-0935</issn><issn>1432-2048</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2006</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kUGL1TAUhYMozvPpD3ChBmHEhdWbpG2SpQyOCiMudNYhTZPXPNpmJkl9zL83zz4ccOEi5ML5zoF7D0LPCbwnAPxDAqhpUwGUR1pZyQdoQ2pGKwq1eIg2AGUGyZoz9CSlPUAROX-MzkjLKEArNyiaMPbYz_1ifDdaPC1j9n2YtJ-xuUtZ5zK4GCZ88HO2ER8Gq3MxDL7zOeFdDIc84OBwHixOczjg6Zjolnm3pHf4mzcx9MEMfpnw7H_p0T5Fj5wek312-rfo-vLTz4sv1dX3z18vPl5VpqnrXPXSci6M60FLDVYLw7S1rNVE07rroBcGmKtJDb1jvGusawWj1krLBOedYVv0Zs29ieF2sSmrySdjx1HPNixJtVzWDCgv4Nv_gow0rG0lK-fcotf_oPuwxLmsoQQRgjPyJ4-sUFk9pWiduol-0vFOEVDH4tRanCrFqWNxShbPy1Pw0k22v3ecmirA-QnQyejRRT0bn-45znlDOSnci5XbpxziX50yJiRr66K_WnWng9K7WDKuf1AgDAgI2ZThNyK5tMQ</recordid><startdate>20060501</startdate><enddate>20060501</enddate><creator>Christova, P.K</creator><creator>Christov, N.K</creator><creator>Imai, R</creator><general>Springer-Verlag</general><general>Springer</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88A</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7S9</scope><scope>L.6</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20060501</creationdate><title>cold inducible multidomain cystatin from winter wheat inhibits growth of the snow mold fungus, Microdochium nivale</title><author>Christova, P.K ; Christov, N.K ; Imai, R</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c544t-d9e778cfd0a9a0ea8c3aee36a1a24bb0d8c03f4140df37b5ef6832ee9e3877bc3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2006</creationdate><topic>abiotic stress</topic><topic>Acclimatization</topic><topic>Amino Acid Sequence</topic><topic>amino acid sequences</topic><topic>Amino acids</topic><topic>analysis</topic><topic>Antifungal Agents</topic><topic>Antifungal Agents - chemistry</topic><topic>Antifungal Agents - pharmacology</topic><topic>antifungal properties</topic><topic>Antifungals</topic><topic>Ascomycota</topic><topic>Ascomycota - cytology</topic><topic>Ascomycota - drug effects</topic><topic>Ascomycota - growth & development</topic><topic>Base Sequence</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>chemistry</topic><topic>cold stress</topic><topic>Cold Temperature</topic><topic>Complementary DNA</topic><topic>conserved sequences</topic><topic>Cystatins</topic><topic>Cystatins - chemistry</topic><topic>Cystatins - metabolism</topic><topic>Cystatins - pharmacology</topic><topic>cystein proteinase inhibitors</topic><topic>Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors</topic><topic>Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors - chemistry</topic><topic>Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors - pharmacology</topic><topic>cysteine proteinases</topic><topic>cytology</topic><topic>disease resistance</topic><topic>DNA, Complementary</topic><topic>DNA, Complementary - analysis</topic><topic>Drought</topic><topic>drug effects</topic><topic>E coli</topic><topic>enzyme inhibition</topic><topic>Enzymes</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>fungal diseases of plants</topic><topic>Fungi</topic><topic>gene expression regulation</topic><topic>growth & development</topic><topic>Hyphae</topic><topic>messenger RNA</topic><topic>metabolism</topic><topic>microbiology</topic><topic>Mold</topic><topic>molds (fungi)</topic><topic>Molecular Sequence Data</topic><topic>Monographella nivalis</topic><topic>nucleotide sequences</topic><topic>papain</topic><topic>pharmacology</topic><topic>Physical agents</topic><topic>plant pathogenic fungi</topic><topic>Plant physiology and development</topic><topic>plant proteins</topic><topic>Plant Proteins - chemistry</topic><topic>Plant Proteins - metabolism</topic><topic>Plant Proteins - pharmacology</topic><topic>plant stress</topic><topic>Plants</topic><topic>protein content</topic><topic>proteinase inhibitors</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>recombinant fusion proteins</topic><topic>resistance mechanisms</topic><topic>Rice</topic><topic>RNA, Messenger</topic><topic>RNA, Messenger - metabolism</topic><topic>seed germination</topic><topic>Sequence Alignment</topic><topic>sequence analysis</topic><topic>Sequence Analysis, DNA</topic><topic>Snow</topic><topic>Triticum</topic><topic>Triticum - metabolism</topic><topic>Triticum - microbiology</topic><topic>Triticum aestivum</topic><topic>Vegetative apparatus, growth and morphogenesis. Senescence</topic><topic>Wheat</topic><topic>Winter wheat</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Christova, P.K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Christov, N.K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Imai, R</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Biology Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>AGRICOLA</collection><collection>AGRICOLA - Academic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Planta</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Christova, P.K</au><au>Christov, N.K</au><au>Imai, R</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>cold inducible multidomain cystatin from winter wheat inhibits growth of the snow mold fungus, Microdochium nivale</atitle><jtitle>Planta</jtitle><addtitle>Planta</addtitle><date>2006-05-01</date><risdate>2006</risdate><volume>223</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>1207</spage><epage>1218</epage><pages>1207-1218</pages><issn>0032-0935</issn><eissn>1432-2048</eissn><coden>PLANAB</coden><abstract>A novel cold-induced cystatin cDNA clone (TaMDC1) was isolated from cold acclimated winter wheat crown tissue by using a macroarray-based differential screening method. The deduced amino acid sequence consisted of a putative N-terminal secretory signal peptide of 37 amino acids and a mature protein (mTaMDC1) with a molecular mass of 23 kDa. The mTaMDC1 had a highly conserved N-terminal cystatin domain and a long C-terminal extension containing a second region, which exhibited partial similarity to the cystatin domain. The recombinant mTaMDC1 was purified from Escherichia coli and its cysteine proteinase inhibitory activity against papain was analyzed. The calculated Ki value of 5.8×10-7 M is comparable to those reported for other phytocystatins. Northern and western blot analyses showed elevated expression of TaMDC1 mRNA and protein during cold acclimation of wheat. In addition to cold, accumulation of the TaMDC1 message was induced by other abiotic stresses including drought, salt and ABA treatment. Investigation of in vitro antifungal activity of mTaMDC1 showed strong inhibition on the mycelium growth of the snow mold fungus Microdochium nivale. Hyphae growth was totally inhibited in the presence of 50 μg/ml mTaMDC1 and morphological changes such as swelling, fragmentation and sporulation of the fungus were observed. The mechanisms of the in vitro antifungal effects and the possible involvement of TaMDC1 in cold induced snow mold resistance of winter wheat are discussed.</abstract><cop>Berlin</cop><pub>Springer-Verlag</pub><pmid>16320069</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00425-005-0169-9</doi><tpages>12</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | Jstor Complete Legacy; MEDLINE; SpringerLink Journals |
| subjects | abiotic stress Acclimatization Amino Acid Sequence amino acid sequences Amino acids analysis Antifungal Agents Antifungal Agents - chemistry Antifungal Agents - pharmacology antifungal properties Antifungals Ascomycota Ascomycota - cytology Ascomycota - drug effects Ascomycota - growth & development Base Sequence Biological and medical sciences chemistry cold stress Cold Temperature Complementary DNA conserved sequences Cystatins Cystatins - chemistry Cystatins - metabolism Cystatins - pharmacology cystein proteinase inhibitors Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors - chemistry Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors - pharmacology cysteine proteinases cytology disease resistance DNA, Complementary DNA, Complementary - analysis Drought drug effects E coli enzyme inhibition Enzymes Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology fungal diseases of plants Fungi gene expression regulation growth & development Hyphae messenger RNA metabolism microbiology Mold molds (fungi) Molecular Sequence Data Monographella nivalis nucleotide sequences papain pharmacology Physical agents plant pathogenic fungi Plant physiology and development plant proteins Plant Proteins - chemistry Plant Proteins - metabolism Plant Proteins - pharmacology plant stress Plants protein content proteinase inhibitors Proteins recombinant fusion proteins resistance mechanisms Rice RNA, Messenger RNA, Messenger - metabolism seed germination Sequence Alignment sequence analysis Sequence Analysis, DNA Snow Triticum Triticum - metabolism Triticum - microbiology Triticum aestivum Vegetative apparatus, growth and morphogenesis. Senescence Wheat Winter wheat |
| title | cold inducible multidomain cystatin from winter wheat inhibits growth of the snow mold fungus, Microdochium nivale |
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