Chronic kidney disease causes defects in signaling through the insulin receptor substrate/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/akt pathway : Implications for muscle atrophy

Complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD) include depressed responses to insulin/IGF-1 and accelerated muscle proteolysis as a result of activation of caspase-3 and the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Experimentally, proteolysis in muscle cells occurs when there is suppression of phosphatidylinosit...

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