Combined Food and Predator Effects on Songbird Nest Survival and Annual Reproductive Success: Results from a Bi-Factorial Experiment
Food and predators have traditionally been viewed as mutually exclusive alternatives when considering factors affecting animal populations. This has led to long controversies such as whether annual reproductive success in songbirds is primarily a function of food-restricted production or predator-in...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Oecologia 2006-04, Vol.147 (4), p.632-640 |
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| creator | Zanette, Liana Clinchy, Michael Smith, James N. M. |
| description | Food and predators have traditionally been viewed as mutually exclusive alternatives when considering factors affecting animal populations. This has led to long controversies such as whether annual reproductive success in songbirds is primarily a function of food-restricted production or predator-induced loss. Recent studies on both birds and mammals suggest many of these controversies may be resolved by considering the combined effects of food and predators. We conducted a 2×2 manipulative food addition plus natural predator reduction experiment on song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) over three consecutive breeding seasons. Food and predators together affected partial clutch or brood loss, nest survival (total clutch or brood loss) and annual reproductive success. When combined, our two treatments reduced partial losses by more than expected if the effects of food and predators were independent and additive. Food and predators also interacted in their effects on nest survival since food addition significantly reduced the rate of nest predation. While annual reproductive success was highly correlated with nest predation (r² = 0.71) the strength of this relationship was reinforced by the indirect effects of food addition on nest predation. A stepwise multiple regression showed that the residual variation in annual reproductive success was explained by food effects on the total number of eggs laid over the season and the combined effects of food and predators on partial losses noted above. We conclude that annual reproductive success in song sparrows is a function of both food-restricted production and predator-induced loss and indirect food and predator effects on both clutch and brood loss. We highlight the parallels between our results and those from a comparable bi-factorial experiment on mammals because we suspect combined food and predator effects are likely the norm in both birds and mammals. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00442-005-0330-y |
| format | Article |
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When combined, our two treatments reduced partial losses by more than expected if the effects of food and predators were independent and additive. Food and predators also interacted in their effects on nest survival since food addition significantly reduced the rate of nest predation. While annual reproductive success was highly correlated with nest predation (r² = 0.71) the strength of this relationship was reinforced by the indirect effects of food addition on nest predation. A stepwise multiple regression showed that the residual variation in annual reproductive success was explained by food effects on the total number of eggs laid over the season and the combined effects of food and predators on partial losses noted above. We conclude that annual reproductive success in song sparrows is a function of both food-restricted production and predator-induced loss and indirect food and predator effects on both clutch and brood loss. 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M.</creatorcontrib><title>Combined Food and Predator Effects on Songbird Nest Survival and Annual Reproductive Success: Results from a Bi-Factorial Experiment</title><title>Oecologia</title><addtitle>Oecologia</addtitle><description>Food and predators have traditionally been viewed as mutually exclusive alternatives when considering factors affecting animal populations. This has led to long controversies such as whether annual reproductive success in songbirds is primarily a function of food-restricted production or predator-induced loss. Recent studies on both birds and mammals suggest many of these controversies may be resolved by considering the combined effects of food and predators. We conducted a 2×2 manipulative food addition plus natural predator reduction experiment on song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) over three consecutive breeding seasons. Food and predators together affected partial clutch or brood loss, nest survival (total clutch or brood loss) and annual reproductive success. When combined, our two treatments reduced partial losses by more than expected if the effects of food and predators were independent and additive. Food and predators also interacted in their effects on nest survival since food addition significantly reduced the rate of nest predation. While annual reproductive success was highly correlated with nest predation (r² = 0.71) the strength of this relationship was reinforced by the indirect effects of food addition on nest predation. A stepwise multiple regression showed that the residual variation in annual reproductive success was explained by food effects on the total number of eggs laid over the season and the combined effects of food and predators on partial losses noted above. We conclude that annual reproductive success in song sparrows is a function of both food-restricted production and predator-induced loss and indirect food and predator effects on both clutch and brood loss. We highlight the parallels between our results and those from a comparable bi-factorial experiment on mammals because we suspect combined food and predator effects are likely the norm in both birds and mammals.</description><subject>Animal and plant ecology</subject><subject>Animal nesting</subject><subject>Animal populations</subject><subject>Animal reproduction</subject><subject>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Animals, Newborn</subject><subject>Aves</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Bird nesting</subject><subject>Birds</subject><subject>Breeding seasons</subject><subject>British Columbia</subject><subject>Clutch Size</subject><subject>Eggs</subject><subject>Factorial experiments</subject><subject>Food</subject><subject>Food availability</subject><subject>Food Chain</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>General aspects</subject><subject>Hares</subject><subject>Mammals</subject><subject>Melospiza melodia</subject><subject>Nesting Behavior - physiology</subject><subject>Population Dynamics</subject><subject>Population Ecology</subject><subject>Predation</subject><subject>Predators</subject><subject>Predatory Behavior</subject><subject>Reproduction</subject><subject>Reproduction - physiology</subject><subject>Reproductive success</subject><subject>Songbirds</subject><subject>Sparrows</subject><subject>Sparrows - physiology</subject><subject>Time Factors</subject><subject>Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution</subject><issn>0029-8549</issn><issn>1432-1939</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2006</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkU9vEzEQxS0EomnhA3AAWUjltuD_XnMrUQJIFSAKZ8uxvWijXTu1dyNy54MzJRGVuHCyZf_mzbx5CD2j5DUlRL-phAjBGkJkQzgnzeEBWlDBWUMNNw_RghBmmlYKc4bOa90SQgWV8jE6o0owSUS7QL-Wedz0KQa8zjlglwL-UmJwUy541XXRTxXnhG9y-rHpS8CfYp3wzVz2_d4Nf_CrlGa4fo27ksPsp34fAfA-1voWXus8gERX8ogdftc3a-dBu4eK1c9dLP0Y0_QEPercUOPT03mBvq9X35YfmuvP7z8ur64bL4iZwFUrOGdMG5iLcS2N7pQyYJBz7YWKQVItN5pEHaIgIbRUaxWVkbLjhDl-gV4ddWHU2xmc2LGvPg6DSzHP1SqttZSa_xekBhYoOAHw5T_gNs8lgQnbMsikFUoBRI-QL7nWEju7A9-uHCwl9i5IewzSQpD2Lkh7gJoXJ-F5M8ZwX3FKDoDLE-Cqd0NXXPJ9vee0Bkoy4J4fuW2Fvf_9Z9BQtkrw30JWrmM</recordid><startdate>20060401</startdate><enddate>20060401</enddate><creator>Zanette, Liana</creator><creator>Clinchy, Michael</creator><creator>Smith, James N. 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M.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Combined Food and Predator Effects on Songbird Nest Survival and Annual Reproductive Success: Results from a Bi-Factorial Experiment</atitle><jtitle>Oecologia</jtitle><addtitle>Oecologia</addtitle><date>2006-04-01</date><risdate>2006</risdate><volume>147</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>632</spage><epage>640</epage><pages>632-640</pages><issn>0029-8549</issn><eissn>1432-1939</eissn><coden>OECOBX</coden><abstract>Food and predators have traditionally been viewed as mutually exclusive alternatives when considering factors affecting animal populations. This has led to long controversies such as whether annual reproductive success in songbirds is primarily a function of food-restricted production or predator-induced loss. Recent studies on both birds and mammals suggest many of these controversies may be resolved by considering the combined effects of food and predators. We conducted a 2×2 manipulative food addition plus natural predator reduction experiment on song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) over three consecutive breeding seasons. Food and predators together affected partial clutch or brood loss, nest survival (total clutch or brood loss) and annual reproductive success. When combined, our two treatments reduced partial losses by more than expected if the effects of food and predators were independent and additive. Food and predators also interacted in their effects on nest survival since food addition significantly reduced the rate of nest predation. While annual reproductive success was highly correlated with nest predation (r² = 0.71) the strength of this relationship was reinforced by the indirect effects of food addition on nest predation. A stepwise multiple regression showed that the residual variation in annual reproductive success was explained by food effects on the total number of eggs laid over the season and the combined effects of food and predators on partial losses noted above. We conclude that annual reproductive success in song sparrows is a function of both food-restricted production and predator-induced loss and indirect food and predator effects on both clutch and brood loss. We highlight the parallels between our results and those from a comparable bi-factorial experiment on mammals because we suspect combined food and predator effects are likely the norm in both birds and mammals.</abstract><cop>Berlin</cop><pub>Springer</pub><pmid>16425048</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00442-005-0330-y</doi><tpages>9</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Oecologia, 2006-04, Vol.147 (4), p.632-640 |
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| source | Jstor Complete Legacy; MEDLINE; SpringerLink Journals |
| subjects | Animal and plant ecology Animal nesting Animal populations Animal reproduction Animal, plant and microbial ecology Animals Animals, Newborn Aves Biological and medical sciences Bird nesting Birds Breeding seasons British Columbia Clutch Size Eggs Factorial experiments Food Food availability Food Chain Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects Hares Mammals Melospiza melodia Nesting Behavior - physiology Population Dynamics Population Ecology Predation Predators Predatory Behavior Reproduction Reproduction - physiology Reproductive success Songbirds Sparrows Sparrows - physiology Time Factors Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution |
| title | Combined Food and Predator Effects on Songbird Nest Survival and Annual Reproductive Success: Results from a Bi-Factorial Experiment |
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