Mechanical force enhances MMP-2 activation via p38 signaling pathway in human retinal pigment epithelial cells
Background Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) are eye diseases that are characterized by mechanical stress involving stretching of the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells by the vitreous or the hyperplastic membranes. Here, we assessed whether mechanical f...
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description | Background
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) are eye diseases that are characterized by mechanical stress involving stretching of the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells by the vitreous or the hyperplastic membranes. Here, we assessed whether mechanical force could change the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in RPE cells via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.
Methods
Collagen-coated magnetite beads and magnetic fields were used to apply tensile forces to cultured RPE cells at focal adhesions. Activation of the MAPK, including extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 were determined over a time course from 5 to 30 min by Western-blot analysis. Activation of p38 was also tested using immunofluorescence staining. The mRNA levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-2 and fibronectin (FN) were analyzed by RT-PCR. Active MMP-2 and MMP-9 were demonstrated by zymography. MMP-2 secretion was evaluated by enzyme immunoassay.
Results
Stimulation of RPE cells with mechanical stress did not change the total protein expression of the MAPK proteins ERK, JNK, and p38. However, of the three kinases, only active p38 showed an increased protein expression which was also shown by a 2.8-fold increase in immunofluorescence staining at 5 min following mechanical stress stimulation. This increase in active p38 expression was blocked by treating the cells with the p38 inhibitor SB203580. FN mRNA increased 2.4-fold at 15 min and MMP-2 mRNA increased 2.1-fold at 4 h. MMP-2 secretion increased 1.5-fold at 4 h and 1.9-fold at 12 h. The expression of MMP-2 and FN, and the activation and secretion of MMP-2, were inhibited in the presence of SB203580. The mRNA expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-2 did not change throughout.
Conclusions
This study shows that mechanical stress upregulates MMP-2 and FN expression through activation of the p38 pathway. The increase in MMP-2 levels evoked by mechanical force may contribute to the remodeling of the extracellular matrix around RPE cells, weakening the interlinkage and membrane attachment between RPE cells, and facilitate cellular migration. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00417-009-1135-1 |
format | Article |
fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_67678872</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>1879985711</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c466t-ebf48daf720f0e20e1b93887f31d8801aa5b2deae8e480a6ce1e5248e04d162d3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkU1r3DAQhkVpaTZJf0AvRfTQm9sZybbkYwhpEsjSHhrITWjl8a6CLTuSnZJ_Xy27ECiUnvQxz7wa8TD2EeErAqhvCaBEVQA0BaKsCnzDVljmjQLx8JatQAkstBQPJ-w0pUfIuKzwPTvBpmpAa7ViYU1uZ4N3tufdGB1xCvnsKPH1-mchuHWzf7azHwN_9pZPUvPkt8H2Pmz5ZOfdb_vCfeC7ZbCBR5p9rvHJbwcKM6fJzzvqfb5y1PfpnL3rbJ_ow3E9Y_ffr35d3hR3P65vLy_uClfW9VzQpit1azsloAMSQLhpZJ63k9hqDWhttREtWdJUarC1I6RKlJqgbLEWrTxjXw65UxyfFkqzGXzaT2ADjUsytapVzhP_BQViXVWVzODnv8DHcYn5r5mRoBqodZkhPEAujilF6swU_WDji0Ewe2XmoMxkZWavzGDu-XQMXjYDta8dR0cZEAcg5VLYUnx9-d-pfwBJKaF8</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>230790684</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Mechanical force enhances MMP-2 activation via p38 signaling pathway in human retinal pigment epithelial cells</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SpringerNature Journals</source><creator>Hou, Xu ; Han, Quan-Hong ; Hu, Dan ; Tian, Lei ; Guo, Chang-Mei ; Du, Hong-Jun ; Zhang, Peng ; Wang, Yu-Sheng ; Hui, Yan-Nian</creator><creatorcontrib>Hou, Xu ; Han, Quan-Hong ; Hu, Dan ; Tian, Lei ; Guo, Chang-Mei ; Du, Hong-Jun ; Zhang, Peng ; Wang, Yu-Sheng ; Hui, Yan-Nian</creatorcontrib><description>Background
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) are eye diseases that are characterized by mechanical stress involving stretching of the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells by the vitreous or the hyperplastic membranes. Here, we assessed whether mechanical force could change the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in RPE cells via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.
Methods
Collagen-coated magnetite beads and magnetic fields were used to apply tensile forces to cultured RPE cells at focal adhesions. Activation of the MAPK, including extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 were determined over a time course from 5 to 30 min by Western-blot analysis. Activation of p38 was also tested using immunofluorescence staining. The mRNA levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-2 and fibronectin (FN) were analyzed by RT-PCR. Active MMP-2 and MMP-9 were demonstrated by zymography. MMP-2 secretion was evaluated by enzyme immunoassay.
Results
Stimulation of RPE cells with mechanical stress did not change the total protein expression of the MAPK proteins ERK, JNK, and p38. However, of the three kinases, only active p38 showed an increased protein expression which was also shown by a 2.8-fold increase in immunofluorescence staining at 5 min following mechanical stress stimulation. This increase in active p38 expression was blocked by treating the cells with the p38 inhibitor SB203580. FN mRNA increased 2.4-fold at 15 min and MMP-2 mRNA increased 2.1-fold at 4 h. MMP-2 secretion increased 1.5-fold at 4 h and 1.9-fold at 12 h. The expression of MMP-2 and FN, and the activation and secretion of MMP-2, were inhibited in the presence of SB203580. The mRNA expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-2 did not change throughout.
Conclusions
This study shows that mechanical stress upregulates MMP-2 and FN expression through activation of the p38 pathway. The increase in MMP-2 levels evoked by mechanical force may contribute to the remodeling of the extracellular matrix around RPE cells, weakening the interlinkage and membrane attachment between RPE cells, and facilitate cellular migration.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0721-832X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1435-702X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00417-009-1135-1</identifier><identifier>PMID: 19590887</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag</publisher><subject>Adult ; Basic Science ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Line ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Inhibitors - pharmacology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect ; Humans ; MAP Kinase Kinase 4 - metabolism ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 - genetics ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 - metabolism ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 - metabolism ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 - metabolism ; Ophthalmology ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases - genetics ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases - metabolism ; Retinal Pigment Epithelium - enzymology ; Retinal Pigment Epithelium - ultrastructure ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger - metabolism ; Signal Transduction - physiology ; Stress, Mechanical</subject><ispartof>Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology, 2009-11, Vol.247 (11), p.1477-1486</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag 2009</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c466t-ebf48daf720f0e20e1b93887f31d8801aa5b2deae8e480a6ce1e5248e04d162d3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c466t-ebf48daf720f0e20e1b93887f31d8801aa5b2deae8e480a6ce1e5248e04d162d3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00417-009-1135-1$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00417-009-1135-1$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19590887$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hou, Xu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Han, Quan-Hong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hu, Dan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tian, Lei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guo, Chang-Mei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Du, Hong-Jun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Peng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Yu-Sheng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hui, Yan-Nian</creatorcontrib><title>Mechanical force enhances MMP-2 activation via p38 signaling pathway in human retinal pigment epithelial cells</title><title>Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology</title><addtitle>Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol</addtitle><addtitle>Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol</addtitle><description>Background
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) are eye diseases that are characterized by mechanical stress involving stretching of the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells by the vitreous or the hyperplastic membranes. Here, we assessed whether mechanical force could change the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in RPE cells via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.
Methods
Collagen-coated magnetite beads and magnetic fields were used to apply tensile forces to cultured RPE cells at focal adhesions. Activation of the MAPK, including extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 were determined over a time course from 5 to 30 min by Western-blot analysis. Activation of p38 was also tested using immunofluorescence staining. The mRNA levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-2 and fibronectin (FN) were analyzed by RT-PCR. Active MMP-2 and MMP-9 were demonstrated by zymography. MMP-2 secretion was evaluated by enzyme immunoassay.
Results
Stimulation of RPE cells with mechanical stress did not change the total protein expression of the MAPK proteins ERK, JNK, and p38. However, of the three kinases, only active p38 showed an increased protein expression which was also shown by a 2.8-fold increase in immunofluorescence staining at 5 min following mechanical stress stimulation. This increase in active p38 expression was blocked by treating the cells with the p38 inhibitor SB203580. FN mRNA increased 2.4-fold at 15 min and MMP-2 mRNA increased 2.1-fold at 4 h. MMP-2 secretion increased 1.5-fold at 4 h and 1.9-fold at 12 h. The expression of MMP-2 and FN, and the activation and secretion of MMP-2, were inhibited in the presence of SB203580. The mRNA expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-2 did not change throughout.
Conclusions
This study shows that mechanical stress upregulates MMP-2 and FN expression through activation of the p38 pathway. The increase in MMP-2 levels evoked by mechanical force may contribute to the remodeling of the extracellular matrix around RPE cells, weakening the interlinkage and membrane attachment between RPE cells, and facilitate cellular migration.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Basic Science</subject><subject>Blotting, Western</subject><subject>Cell Line</subject><subject>Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel</subject><subject>Enzyme Activation</subject><subject>Enzyme Inhibitors - pharmacology</subject><subject>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay</subject><subject>Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>MAP Kinase Kinase 4 - metabolism</subject><subject>Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 - genetics</subject><subject>Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 - metabolism</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Microscopy, Electron, Scanning</subject><subject>Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 - metabolism</subject><subject>Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 - metabolism</subject><subject>Ophthalmology</subject><subject>p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases - genetics</subject><subject>p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases - metabolism</subject><subject>Retinal Pigment Epithelium - enzymology</subject><subject>Retinal Pigment Epithelium - ultrastructure</subject><subject>Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction</subject><subject>RNA, Messenger - metabolism</subject><subject>Signal Transduction - physiology</subject><subject>Stress, Mechanical</subject><issn>0721-832X</issn><issn>1435-702X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2009</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkU1r3DAQhkVpaTZJf0AvRfTQm9sZybbkYwhpEsjSHhrITWjl8a6CLTuSnZJ_Xy27ECiUnvQxz7wa8TD2EeErAqhvCaBEVQA0BaKsCnzDVljmjQLx8JatQAkstBQPJ-w0pUfIuKzwPTvBpmpAa7ViYU1uZ4N3tufdGB1xCvnsKPH1-mchuHWzf7azHwN_9pZPUvPkt8H2Pmz5ZOfdb_vCfeC7ZbCBR5p9rvHJbwcKM6fJzzvqfb5y1PfpnL3rbJ_ow3E9Y_ffr35d3hR3P65vLy_uClfW9VzQpit1azsloAMSQLhpZJ63k9hqDWhttREtWdJUarC1I6RKlJqgbLEWrTxjXw65UxyfFkqzGXzaT2ADjUsytapVzhP_BQViXVWVzODnv8DHcYn5r5mRoBqodZkhPEAujilF6swU_WDji0Ewe2XmoMxkZWavzGDu-XQMXjYDta8dR0cZEAcg5VLYUnx9-d-pfwBJKaF8</recordid><startdate>20091101</startdate><enddate>20091101</enddate><creator>Hou, Xu</creator><creator>Han, Quan-Hong</creator><creator>Hu, Dan</creator><creator>Tian, Lei</creator><creator>Guo, Chang-Mei</creator><creator>Du, Hong-Jun</creator><creator>Zhang, Peng</creator><creator>Wang, Yu-Sheng</creator><creator>Hui, Yan-Nian</creator><general>Springer-Verlag</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20091101</creationdate><title>Mechanical force enhances MMP-2 activation via p38 signaling pathway in human retinal pigment epithelial cells</title><author>Hou, Xu ; Han, Quan-Hong ; Hu, Dan ; Tian, Lei ; Guo, Chang-Mei ; Du, Hong-Jun ; Zhang, Peng ; Wang, Yu-Sheng ; Hui, Yan-Nian</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c466t-ebf48daf720f0e20e1b93887f31d8801aa5b2deae8e480a6ce1e5248e04d162d3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2009</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Basic Science</topic><topic>Blotting, Western</topic><topic>Cell Line</topic><topic>Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel</topic><topic>Enzyme Activation</topic><topic>Enzyme Inhibitors - pharmacology</topic><topic>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay</topic><topic>Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>MAP Kinase Kinase 4 - metabolism</topic><topic>Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 - genetics</topic><topic>Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 - metabolism</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Microscopy, Electron, Scanning</topic><topic>Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 - metabolism</topic><topic>Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 - metabolism</topic><topic>Ophthalmology</topic><topic>p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases - genetics</topic><topic>p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases - metabolism</topic><topic>Retinal Pigment Epithelium - enzymology</topic><topic>Retinal Pigment Epithelium - ultrastructure</topic><topic>Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction</topic><topic>RNA, Messenger - metabolism</topic><topic>Signal Transduction - physiology</topic><topic>Stress, Mechanical</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Hou, Xu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Han, Quan-Hong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hu, Dan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tian, Lei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guo, Chang-Mei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Du, Hong-Jun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Peng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Yu-Sheng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hui, Yan-Nian</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Hou, Xu</au><au>Han, Quan-Hong</au><au>Hu, Dan</au><au>Tian, Lei</au><au>Guo, Chang-Mei</au><au>Du, Hong-Jun</au><au>Zhang, Peng</au><au>Wang, Yu-Sheng</au><au>Hui, Yan-Nian</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Mechanical force enhances MMP-2 activation via p38 signaling pathway in human retinal pigment epithelial cells</atitle><jtitle>Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology</jtitle><stitle>Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol</stitle><addtitle>Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol</addtitle><date>2009-11-01</date><risdate>2009</risdate><volume>247</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>1477</spage><epage>1486</epage><pages>1477-1486</pages><issn>0721-832X</issn><eissn>1435-702X</eissn><abstract>Background
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) are eye diseases that are characterized by mechanical stress involving stretching of the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells by the vitreous or the hyperplastic membranes. Here, we assessed whether mechanical force could change the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in RPE cells via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.
Methods
Collagen-coated magnetite beads and magnetic fields were used to apply tensile forces to cultured RPE cells at focal adhesions. Activation of the MAPK, including extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 were determined over a time course from 5 to 30 min by Western-blot analysis. Activation of p38 was also tested using immunofluorescence staining. The mRNA levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-2 and fibronectin (FN) were analyzed by RT-PCR. Active MMP-2 and MMP-9 were demonstrated by zymography. MMP-2 secretion was evaluated by enzyme immunoassay.
Results
Stimulation of RPE cells with mechanical stress did not change the total protein expression of the MAPK proteins ERK, JNK, and p38. However, of the three kinases, only active p38 showed an increased protein expression which was also shown by a 2.8-fold increase in immunofluorescence staining at 5 min following mechanical stress stimulation. This increase in active p38 expression was blocked by treating the cells with the p38 inhibitor SB203580. FN mRNA increased 2.4-fold at 15 min and MMP-2 mRNA increased 2.1-fold at 4 h. MMP-2 secretion increased 1.5-fold at 4 h and 1.9-fold at 12 h. The expression of MMP-2 and FN, and the activation and secretion of MMP-2, were inhibited in the presence of SB203580. The mRNA expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-2 did not change throughout.
Conclusions
This study shows that mechanical stress upregulates MMP-2 and FN expression through activation of the p38 pathway. The increase in MMP-2 levels evoked by mechanical force may contribute to the remodeling of the extracellular matrix around RPE cells, weakening the interlinkage and membrane attachment between RPE cells, and facilitate cellular migration.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer-Verlag</pub><pmid>19590887</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00417-009-1135-1</doi><tpages>10</tpages></addata></record> |
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subjects | Adult Basic Science Blotting, Western Cell Line Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel Enzyme Activation Enzyme Inhibitors - pharmacology Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect Humans MAP Kinase Kinase 4 - metabolism Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 - genetics Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 - metabolism Medicine Medicine & Public Health Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 - metabolism Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 - metabolism Ophthalmology p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases - genetics p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases - metabolism Retinal Pigment Epithelium - enzymology Retinal Pigment Epithelium - ultrastructure Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Messenger - metabolism Signal Transduction - physiology Stress, Mechanical |
title | Mechanical force enhances MMP-2 activation via p38 signaling pathway in human retinal pigment epithelial cells |
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