The association of fat patterning with blood pressure in rural South African children: the Ellisras Longitudinal Growth and Health Study

Background Hypertension is one of the major causes of death in developed and underdeveloped nations. Essential hypertension and obesity may have their inception in childhood, with little data in African children to support these findings. Objectives were to determine the prevalence of overweight and...

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Veröffentlicht in:International journal of epidemiology 2006-02, Vol.35 (1), p.114-120
Hauptverfasser: Monyeki, KD, Kemper, HCG, Makgae, PJ
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Kemper, HCG
Makgae, PJ
description Background Hypertension is one of the major causes of death in developed and underdeveloped nations. Essential hypertension and obesity may have their inception in childhood, with little data in African children to support these findings. Objectives were to determine the prevalence of overweight and hypertension in rural children in South Africa. Additionally, the association between fat-patterning ratios and blood pressure (BP) was investigated. Methods Data were collected from 1884 subjects (967 boys and 917 girls), aged 6–13 years, participating in the Ellisras Longitudinal Study. Height; weight; and triceps, biceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfolds were measured according to the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. Skinfold ratio was used as an indicator of the central pattern of body fat. Internationally recommended cut-off points for body mass index (BMI) were used. Hypertension, defined as the average of three separate BP readings where the systolic BP or diastolic BP is ≥95th percentile for age and sex, was determined. Results The prevalence of hypertension ranged from 1 to 5.8% for boys and 3.1 to 11.4% for girls, and that of overweight from 1.1 to 2.9% for boys and 0.6 to 4.6% for girls. The association between high systolic BP and high BMI was −3.0, while that for high diastolic BP and high BMI was −0.68. Conclusions The prevalence of hypertension is evident from the age 6 years for girls, while that of overweight was low. Overweight became evident from the age 10 to 13 years for both sexes. A significant association between high diastolic BP and high BMI was noted, while children with low BMIs were less likely to be hypertensive. Investigating habitual physical activity, fitness and dietary patterns will shed more light on the association of fat patterning and BP in this population.
doi_str_mv 10.1093/ije/dyi219
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Essential hypertension and obesity may have their inception in childhood, with little data in African children to support these findings. Objectives were to determine the prevalence of overweight and hypertension in rural children in South Africa. Additionally, the association between fat-patterning ratios and blood pressure (BP) was investigated. Methods Data were collected from 1884 subjects (967 boys and 917 girls), aged 6–13 years, participating in the Ellisras Longitudinal Study. Height; weight; and triceps, biceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfolds were measured according to the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. Skinfold ratio was used as an indicator of the central pattern of body fat. Internationally recommended cut-off points for body mass index (BMI) were used. Hypertension, defined as the average of three separate BP readings where the systolic BP or diastolic BP is ≥95th percentile for age and sex, was determined. Results The prevalence of hypertension ranged from 1 to 5.8% for boys and 3.1 to 11.4% for girls, and that of overweight from 1.1 to 2.9% for boys and 0.6 to 4.6% for girls. The association between high systolic BP and high BMI was −3.0, while that for high diastolic BP and high BMI was −0.68. Conclusions The prevalence of hypertension is evident from the age 6 years for girls, while that of overweight was low. Overweight became evident from the age 10 to 13 years for both sexes. A significant association between high diastolic BP and high BMI was noted, while children with low BMIs were less likely to be hypertensive. Investigating habitual physical activity, fitness and dietary patterns will shed more light on the association of fat patterning and BP in this population.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0300-5771</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1464-3685</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyi219</identifier><identifier>PMID: 16260449</identifier><identifier>CODEN: IJEPBF</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Oxford University Press</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; blood pressure ; Blood Pressure - physiology ; Body Composition - physiology ; Body fat ; body mass index ; Child ; children ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Developing Countries ; Diastole ; Female ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; rural communities ; Rural Population ; Skinfold Thickness ; South Africa</subject><ispartof>International journal of epidemiology, 2006-02, Vol.35 (1), p.114-120</ispartof><rights>Copyright Oxford University Press(England) Feb 2006</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c417t-72ba6433657b522aa37e004d1c78d4003b93610bcd765a93d47969148521c1923</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c417t-72ba6433657b522aa37e004d1c78d4003b93610bcd765a93d47969148521c1923</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16260449$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Monyeki, KD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kemper, HCG</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Makgae, PJ</creatorcontrib><title>The association of fat patterning with blood pressure in rural South African children: the Ellisras Longitudinal Growth and Health Study</title><title>International journal of epidemiology</title><addtitle>Int. J. Epidemiol</addtitle><description>Background Hypertension is one of the major causes of death in developed and underdeveloped nations. Essential hypertension and obesity may have their inception in childhood, with little data in African children to support these findings. Objectives were to determine the prevalence of overweight and hypertension in rural children in South Africa. Additionally, the association between fat-patterning ratios and blood pressure (BP) was investigated. Methods Data were collected from 1884 subjects (967 boys and 917 girls), aged 6–13 years, participating in the Ellisras Longitudinal Study. Height; weight; and triceps, biceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfolds were measured according to the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. Skinfold ratio was used as an indicator of the central pattern of body fat. Internationally recommended cut-off points for body mass index (BMI) were used. Hypertension, defined as the average of three separate BP readings where the systolic BP or diastolic BP is ≥95th percentile for age and sex, was determined. Results The prevalence of hypertension ranged from 1 to 5.8% for boys and 3.1 to 11.4% for girls, and that of overweight from 1.1 to 2.9% for boys and 0.6 to 4.6% for girls. The association between high systolic BP and high BMI was −3.0, while that for high diastolic BP and high BMI was −0.68. Conclusions The prevalence of hypertension is evident from the age 6 years for girls, while that of overweight was low. Overweight became evident from the age 10 to 13 years for both sexes. A significant association between high diastolic BP and high BMI was noted, while children with low BMIs were less likely to be hypertensive. 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J. Epidemiol</addtitle><date>2006-02</date><risdate>2006</risdate><volume>35</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>114</spage><epage>120</epage><pages>114-120</pages><issn>0300-5771</issn><eissn>1464-3685</eissn><coden>IJEPBF</coden><abstract>Background Hypertension is one of the major causes of death in developed and underdeveloped nations. Essential hypertension and obesity may have their inception in childhood, with little data in African children to support these findings. Objectives were to determine the prevalence of overweight and hypertension in rural children in South Africa. Additionally, the association between fat-patterning ratios and blood pressure (BP) was investigated. Methods Data were collected from 1884 subjects (967 boys and 917 girls), aged 6–13 years, participating in the Ellisras Longitudinal Study. Height; weight; and triceps, biceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfolds were measured according to the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. Skinfold ratio was used as an indicator of the central pattern of body fat. Internationally recommended cut-off points for body mass index (BMI) were used. Hypertension, defined as the average of three separate BP readings where the systolic BP or diastolic BP is ≥95th percentile for age and sex, was determined. Results The prevalence of hypertension ranged from 1 to 5.8% for boys and 3.1 to 11.4% for girls, and that of overweight from 1.1 to 2.9% for boys and 0.6 to 4.6% for girls. The association between high systolic BP and high BMI was −3.0, while that for high diastolic BP and high BMI was −0.68. Conclusions The prevalence of hypertension is evident from the age 6 years for girls, while that of overweight was low. Overweight became evident from the age 10 to 13 years for both sexes. A significant association between high diastolic BP and high BMI was noted, while children with low BMIs were less likely to be hypertensive. Investigating habitual physical activity, fitness and dietary patterns will shed more light on the association of fat patterning and BP in this population.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Oxford University Press</pub><pmid>16260449</pmid><doi>10.1093/ije/dyi219</doi><tpages>7</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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subjects Adolescent
blood pressure
Blood Pressure - physiology
Body Composition - physiology
Body fat
body mass index
Child
children
Cross-Sectional Studies
Developing Countries
Diastole
Female
Health Surveys
Humans
Linear Models
Longitudinal Studies
Male
rural communities
Rural Population
Skinfold Thickness
South Africa
title The association of fat patterning with blood pressure in rural South African children: the Ellisras Longitudinal Growth and Health Study
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