The effect of antidepressant treatment on N-acetyl aspartate levels of medial frontal cortex in drug-free depressed patients
The medial frontal cortex has been shown to modulate emotional behavior and stress responses, suggesting that the dysfunction of this region may be involved in the pathogenesis of depressive symptoms. The present study was performed to determine whether there was any effect of antidepressant treatme...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry 2006, Vol.30 (1), p.120-125 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | 125 |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 1 |
| container_start_page | 120 |
| container_title | Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry |
| container_volume | 30 |
| creator | Gonul, Ali Saffet Kitis, Omer Ozan, Erol Akdeniz, Fisun Eker, Cagdas Eker, Ozlem Donat Vahip, Simavi |
| description | The medial frontal cortex has been shown to modulate emotional behavior and stress responses, suggesting that the dysfunction of this region may be involved in the pathogenesis of depressive symptoms. The present study was performed to determine whether there was any effect of antidepressant treatment on the metabolite levels in the left medial frontal cortex as measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in depressed patients. Twenty patients diagnosed as having major depressive disorder according to DSM-IV and 18 healthy volunteer subjects were included in the study. Twelve of patients had their first episode and were drug-naïve. Other depressed patients were drug-free for at least 4 weeks. The severity of depression was assessed by HAM-D and Clinical Global Impression Scale-Severity (CGI-S). Single voxel, 8 cm
3, 1H MR spectra of left medial frontal cortex was acquired both before and following antidepressant treatment. The concentrations and ratios of
N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), Creatine
+
Phosphocreatine (Cr
+
PCr) and Choline (Cho) were measured. Pretreatment NAA/Cr values of patients were lower than those of healthy controls, but this difference did not reach to statistically significant levels (
t
=
1.83,
df
=
36,
p
=
0.07). However, antidepressant treatment had significant effect on NAA/Cr ratios (group
×
treatment interaction:
F
=
9.93
df
=
1,36,
p
=
0.03). After the treatment, NAA/Cr values of patients increased significantly compared to pretreatment values (
t
=
3.32,
df
=
19,
p
=
0.004). No significant difference was observed between the post-treatment NAA/Cr values of patients and those of controls (
t
=
1.64,
df
=
36,
p
=
0.19). Correlation analysis detected negative correlation between pretreatment CGI-S scores and NAA/Cr ratios (
r
=
−
0.51,
p
=
0.02). This preliminary result suggests that there might be a possible defect in the neuronal integrity in the left medial frontal cortex (mainly left anterior cingulate cortex) of depressed patients. Antidepressant treatment with its neurotrophic effects might play a positive role in restoring the neuronal integrity. Further studies are needed to support these initial findings. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.08.017 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_67603095</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><els_id>S0278584605002800</els_id><sourcerecordid>67603095</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c387t-53890a212db0b4a7c1237befa0de9257925177571726ea172a8c1b2c11dc252d3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kcFu1DAQhi0EotuWJ0BCvsAt6dhO7OyBA6qAIlXl0p6tiT0Br7JJsL0VlXh4vGyk3jjY8x---WV9ZuytgFqA0Fe7epmWfqklQFtDV4MwL9hGdKarGin0S7YBWXLbNfqMnae0AwChQL1mZ0JLpRthNuzP_U_iNAzkMp8HjlMOnpZIKZXIcyTMeyppnvhdhY7y08gxLRgzZuIjPdKYjot78gFHPsR5ymW6OWb6zcPEfTz8qIZIxNde8nzBHEppumSvBhwTvVnnBXv48vn--qa6_f712_Wn28qpzuSqVd0WUArpe-gbNE5IZXoaEDxtZWvKEca0RhipCcuNnRO9dEJ4J1vp1QX7cOpd4vzrQCnbfUiOxhEnmg_JaqNBwbYtoDqBLs4pRRrsEsMe45MVYI_S7c7-k26P0i10tkgvW-_W-kNfPDzvrJYL8H4FMDkch4iTC-mZM41SALpwH09ckUqPgaJNrohyxW0sH2T9HP77kL_vSKJ3</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>67603095</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>The effect of antidepressant treatment on N-acetyl aspartate levels of medial frontal cortex in drug-free depressed patients</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals</source><creator>Gonul, Ali Saffet ; Kitis, Omer ; Ozan, Erol ; Akdeniz, Fisun ; Eker, Cagdas ; Eker, Ozlem Donat ; Vahip, Simavi</creator><creatorcontrib>Gonul, Ali Saffet ; Kitis, Omer ; Ozan, Erol ; Akdeniz, Fisun ; Eker, Cagdas ; Eker, Ozlem Donat ; Vahip, Simavi</creatorcontrib><description>The medial frontal cortex has been shown to modulate emotional behavior and stress responses, suggesting that the dysfunction of this region may be involved in the pathogenesis of depressive symptoms. The present study was performed to determine whether there was any effect of antidepressant treatment on the metabolite levels in the left medial frontal cortex as measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in depressed patients. Twenty patients diagnosed as having major depressive disorder according to DSM-IV and 18 healthy volunteer subjects were included in the study. Twelve of patients had their first episode and were drug-naïve. Other depressed patients were drug-free for at least 4 weeks. The severity of depression was assessed by HAM-D and Clinical Global Impression Scale-Severity (CGI-S). Single voxel, 8 cm
3, 1H MR spectra of left medial frontal cortex was acquired both before and following antidepressant treatment. The concentrations and ratios of
N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), Creatine
+
Phosphocreatine (Cr
+
PCr) and Choline (Cho) were measured. Pretreatment NAA/Cr values of patients were lower than those of healthy controls, but this difference did not reach to statistically significant levels (
t
=
1.83,
df
=
36,
p
=
0.07). However, antidepressant treatment had significant effect on NAA/Cr ratios (group
×
treatment interaction:
F
=
9.93
df
=
1,36,
p
=
0.03). After the treatment, NAA/Cr values of patients increased significantly compared to pretreatment values (
t
=
3.32,
df
=
19,
p
=
0.004). No significant difference was observed between the post-treatment NAA/Cr values of patients and those of controls (
t
=
1.64,
df
=
36,
p
=
0.19). Correlation analysis detected negative correlation between pretreatment CGI-S scores and NAA/Cr ratios (
r
=
−
0.51,
p
=
0.02). This preliminary result suggests that there might be a possible defect in the neuronal integrity in the left medial frontal cortex (mainly left anterior cingulate cortex) of depressed patients. Antidepressant treatment with its neurotrophic effects might play a positive role in restoring the neuronal integrity. Further studies are needed to support these initial findings.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0278-5846</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1878-4216</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.08.017</identifier><identifier>PMID: 16236417</identifier><identifier>CODEN: PNPPD7</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc</publisher><subject>Adult ; Adult and adolescent clinical studies ; Analysis of Variance ; Anterior cingulate cortex ; Antidepressant treatment ; Antidepressive Agents - pharmacology ; Antidepressive Agents - therapeutic use ; Aspartic Acid - analogs & derivatives ; Aspartic Acid - metabolism ; Biological and medical sciences ; Brain Mapping ; Choline - metabolism ; Creatine - metabolism ; Depression ; Depression - drug therapy ; Depression - metabolism ; Female ; Frontal Lobe - drug effects ; Frontal Lobe - metabolism ; Humans ; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy - methods ; Major depressive disorder ; Male ; Medial frontal cortex ; Medical sciences ; Mood disorders ; N-Acetyl aspartate ; Neuropharmacology ; Pharmacology. Drug treatments ; Psychoanaleptics: cns stimulant, antidepressant agent, nootropic agent, mood stabilizer..., (alzheimer disease) ; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry ; Psychopathology. Psychiatry ; Psychopharmacology</subject><ispartof>Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry, 2006, Vol.30 (1), p.120-125</ispartof><rights>2005 Elsevier Inc.</rights><rights>2006 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c387t-53890a212db0b4a7c1237befa0de9257925177571726ea172a8c1b2c11dc252d3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c387t-53890a212db0b4a7c1237befa0de9257925177571726ea172a8c1b2c11dc252d3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278584605002800$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3537,4010,27900,27901,27902,65306</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=17433006$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16236417$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Gonul, Ali Saffet</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kitis, Omer</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ozan, Erol</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Akdeniz, Fisun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eker, Cagdas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eker, Ozlem Donat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vahip, Simavi</creatorcontrib><title>The effect of antidepressant treatment on N-acetyl aspartate levels of medial frontal cortex in drug-free depressed patients</title><title>Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry</title><addtitle>Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry</addtitle><description>The medial frontal cortex has been shown to modulate emotional behavior and stress responses, suggesting that the dysfunction of this region may be involved in the pathogenesis of depressive symptoms. The present study was performed to determine whether there was any effect of antidepressant treatment on the metabolite levels in the left medial frontal cortex as measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in depressed patients. Twenty patients diagnosed as having major depressive disorder according to DSM-IV and 18 healthy volunteer subjects were included in the study. Twelve of patients had their first episode and were drug-naïve. Other depressed patients were drug-free for at least 4 weeks. The severity of depression was assessed by HAM-D and Clinical Global Impression Scale-Severity (CGI-S). Single voxel, 8 cm
3, 1H MR spectra of left medial frontal cortex was acquired both before and following antidepressant treatment. The concentrations and ratios of
N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), Creatine
+
Phosphocreatine (Cr
+
PCr) and Choline (Cho) were measured. Pretreatment NAA/Cr values of patients were lower than those of healthy controls, but this difference did not reach to statistically significant levels (
t
=
1.83,
df
=
36,
p
=
0.07). However, antidepressant treatment had significant effect on NAA/Cr ratios (group
×
treatment interaction:
F
=
9.93
df
=
1,36,
p
=
0.03). After the treatment, NAA/Cr values of patients increased significantly compared to pretreatment values (
t
=
3.32,
df
=
19,
p
=
0.004). No significant difference was observed between the post-treatment NAA/Cr values of patients and those of controls (
t
=
1.64,
df
=
36,
p
=
0.19). Correlation analysis detected negative correlation between pretreatment CGI-S scores and NAA/Cr ratios (
r
=
−
0.51,
p
=
0.02). This preliminary result suggests that there might be a possible defect in the neuronal integrity in the left medial frontal cortex (mainly left anterior cingulate cortex) of depressed patients. Antidepressant treatment with its neurotrophic effects might play a positive role in restoring the neuronal integrity. Further studies are needed to support these initial findings.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Adult and adolescent clinical studies</subject><subject>Analysis of Variance</subject><subject>Anterior cingulate cortex</subject><subject>Antidepressant treatment</subject><subject>Antidepressive Agents - pharmacology</subject><subject>Antidepressive Agents - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Aspartic Acid - analogs & derivatives</subject><subject>Aspartic Acid - metabolism</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Brain Mapping</subject><subject>Choline - metabolism</subject><subject>Creatine - metabolism</subject><subject>Depression</subject><subject>Depression - drug therapy</subject><subject>Depression - metabolism</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Frontal Lobe - drug effects</subject><subject>Frontal Lobe - metabolism</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Magnetic resonance spectroscopy</subject><subject>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy - methods</subject><subject>Major depressive disorder</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medial frontal cortex</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Mood disorders</subject><subject>N-Acetyl aspartate</subject><subject>Neuropharmacology</subject><subject>Pharmacology. Drug treatments</subject><subject>Psychoanaleptics: cns stimulant, antidepressant agent, nootropic agent, mood stabilizer..., (alzheimer disease)</subject><subject>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</subject><subject>Psychopathology. Psychiatry</subject><subject>Psychopharmacology</subject><issn>0278-5846</issn><issn>1878-4216</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2006</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kcFu1DAQhi0EotuWJ0BCvsAt6dhO7OyBA6qAIlXl0p6tiT0Br7JJsL0VlXh4vGyk3jjY8x---WV9ZuytgFqA0Fe7epmWfqklQFtDV4MwL9hGdKarGin0S7YBWXLbNfqMnae0AwChQL1mZ0JLpRthNuzP_U_iNAzkMp8HjlMOnpZIKZXIcyTMeyppnvhdhY7y08gxLRgzZuIjPdKYjot78gFHPsR5ymW6OWb6zcPEfTz8qIZIxNde8nzBHEppumSvBhwTvVnnBXv48vn--qa6_f712_Wn28qpzuSqVd0WUArpe-gbNE5IZXoaEDxtZWvKEca0RhipCcuNnRO9dEJ4J1vp1QX7cOpd4vzrQCnbfUiOxhEnmg_JaqNBwbYtoDqBLs4pRRrsEsMe45MVYI_S7c7-k26P0i10tkgvW-_W-kNfPDzvrJYL8H4FMDkch4iTC-mZM41SALpwH09ckUqPgaJNrohyxW0sH2T9HP77kL_vSKJ3</recordid><startdate>2006</startdate><enddate>2006</enddate><creator>Gonul, Ali Saffet</creator><creator>Kitis, Omer</creator><creator>Ozan, Erol</creator><creator>Akdeniz, Fisun</creator><creator>Eker, Cagdas</creator><creator>Eker, Ozlem Donat</creator><creator>Vahip, Simavi</creator><general>Elsevier Inc</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>2006</creationdate><title>The effect of antidepressant treatment on N-acetyl aspartate levels of medial frontal cortex in drug-free depressed patients</title><author>Gonul, Ali Saffet ; Kitis, Omer ; Ozan, Erol ; Akdeniz, Fisun ; Eker, Cagdas ; Eker, Ozlem Donat ; Vahip, Simavi</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c387t-53890a212db0b4a7c1237befa0de9257925177571726ea172a8c1b2c11dc252d3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2006</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Adult and adolescent clinical studies</topic><topic>Analysis of Variance</topic><topic>Anterior cingulate cortex</topic><topic>Antidepressant treatment</topic><topic>Antidepressive Agents - pharmacology</topic><topic>Antidepressive Agents - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Aspartic Acid - analogs & derivatives</topic><topic>Aspartic Acid - metabolism</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Brain Mapping</topic><topic>Choline - metabolism</topic><topic>Creatine - metabolism</topic><topic>Depression</topic><topic>Depression - drug therapy</topic><topic>Depression - metabolism</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Frontal Lobe - drug effects</topic><topic>Frontal Lobe - metabolism</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Magnetic resonance spectroscopy</topic><topic>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy - methods</topic><topic>Major depressive disorder</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medial frontal cortex</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Mood disorders</topic><topic>N-Acetyl aspartate</topic><topic>Neuropharmacology</topic><topic>Pharmacology. Drug treatments</topic><topic>Psychoanaleptics: cns stimulant, antidepressant agent, nootropic agent, mood stabilizer..., (alzheimer disease)</topic><topic>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Psychopathology. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Psychopharmacology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Gonul, Ali Saffet</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kitis, Omer</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ozan, Erol</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Akdeniz, Fisun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eker, Cagdas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eker, Ozlem Donat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vahip, Simavi</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Gonul, Ali Saffet</au><au>Kitis, Omer</au><au>Ozan, Erol</au><au>Akdeniz, Fisun</au><au>Eker, Cagdas</au><au>Eker, Ozlem Donat</au><au>Vahip, Simavi</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The effect of antidepressant treatment on N-acetyl aspartate levels of medial frontal cortex in drug-free depressed patients</atitle><jtitle>Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry</jtitle><addtitle>Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry</addtitle><date>2006</date><risdate>2006</risdate><volume>30</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>120</spage><epage>125</epage><pages>120-125</pages><issn>0278-5846</issn><eissn>1878-4216</eissn><coden>PNPPD7</coden><abstract>The medial frontal cortex has been shown to modulate emotional behavior and stress responses, suggesting that the dysfunction of this region may be involved in the pathogenesis of depressive symptoms. The present study was performed to determine whether there was any effect of antidepressant treatment on the metabolite levels in the left medial frontal cortex as measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in depressed patients. Twenty patients diagnosed as having major depressive disorder according to DSM-IV and 18 healthy volunteer subjects were included in the study. Twelve of patients had their first episode and were drug-naïve. Other depressed patients were drug-free for at least 4 weeks. The severity of depression was assessed by HAM-D and Clinical Global Impression Scale-Severity (CGI-S). Single voxel, 8 cm
3, 1H MR spectra of left medial frontal cortex was acquired both before and following antidepressant treatment. The concentrations and ratios of
N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), Creatine
+
Phosphocreatine (Cr
+
PCr) and Choline (Cho) were measured. Pretreatment NAA/Cr values of patients were lower than those of healthy controls, but this difference did not reach to statistically significant levels (
t
=
1.83,
df
=
36,
p
=
0.07). However, antidepressant treatment had significant effect on NAA/Cr ratios (group
×
treatment interaction:
F
=
9.93
df
=
1,36,
p
=
0.03). After the treatment, NAA/Cr values of patients increased significantly compared to pretreatment values (
t
=
3.32,
df
=
19,
p
=
0.004). No significant difference was observed between the post-treatment NAA/Cr values of patients and those of controls (
t
=
1.64,
df
=
36,
p
=
0.19). Correlation analysis detected negative correlation between pretreatment CGI-S scores and NAA/Cr ratios (
r
=
−
0.51,
p
=
0.02). This preliminary result suggests that there might be a possible defect in the neuronal integrity in the left medial frontal cortex (mainly left anterior cingulate cortex) of depressed patients. Antidepressant treatment with its neurotrophic effects might play a positive role in restoring the neuronal integrity. Further studies are needed to support these initial findings.</abstract><cop>Amsterdam</cop><pub>Elsevier Inc</pub><pmid>16236417</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.08.017</doi><tpages>6</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0278-5846 |
| ispartof | Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry, 2006, Vol.30 (1), p.120-125 |
| issn | 0278-5846 1878-4216 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_67603095 |
| source | MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals |
| subjects | Adult Adult and adolescent clinical studies Analysis of Variance Anterior cingulate cortex Antidepressant treatment Antidepressive Agents - pharmacology Antidepressive Agents - therapeutic use Aspartic Acid - analogs & derivatives Aspartic Acid - metabolism Biological and medical sciences Brain Mapping Choline - metabolism Creatine - metabolism Depression Depression - drug therapy Depression - metabolism Female Frontal Lobe - drug effects Frontal Lobe - metabolism Humans Magnetic resonance spectroscopy Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy - methods Major depressive disorder Male Medial frontal cortex Medical sciences Mood disorders N-Acetyl aspartate Neuropharmacology Pharmacology. Drug treatments Psychoanaleptics: cns stimulant, antidepressant agent, nootropic agent, mood stabilizer..., (alzheimer disease) Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychopathology. Psychiatry Psychopharmacology |
| title | The effect of antidepressant treatment on N-acetyl aspartate levels of medial frontal cortex in drug-free depressed patients |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-06T23%3A10%3A08IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The%20effect%20of%20antidepressant%20treatment%20on%20N-acetyl%20aspartate%20levels%20of%20medial%20frontal%20cortex%20in%20drug-free%20depressed%20patients&rft.jtitle=Progress%20in%20neuro-psychopharmacology%20&%20biological%20psychiatry&rft.au=Gonul,%20Ali%20Saffet&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=120&rft.epage=125&rft.pages=120-125&rft.issn=0278-5846&rft.eissn=1878-4216&rft.coden=PNPPD7&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.08.017&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E67603095%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=67603095&rft_id=info:pmid/16236417&rft_els_id=S0278584605002800&rfr_iscdi=true |