Vaginal and endocervical microorganisms in symptomatic and asymptomatic non-pregnant females: risk factors and rates of occurrence
Physiological or non-physiological factors may affect the vaginal flora. The occurrence of genital microorganisms in non-pregnant females of all ages was studied, as were the risk factors associated with each microorganism. A retrospective analysis of vaginal and endocervical cultures and wet smears...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Clinical microbiology and infection 2009-07, Vol.15 (7), p.670-679 |
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| creator | Tibaldi, C. Cappello, N. Latino, M.A. Masuelli, G. Marini, S. Benedetto, C. |
| description | Physiological or non-physiological factors may affect the vaginal flora. The occurrence of genital microorganisms in non-pregnant females of all ages was studied, as were the risk factors associated with each microorganism. A retrospective analysis of vaginal and endocervical cultures and wet smears from 27 172 non-pregnant women, between 1996 to 2005, was performed taking into consideration clinical and socio-demographic characteristics. No microorganisms were observed in 55.7% of the individuals studied and 44.3% had positive cultures. There was no microbiological aetiology in 49% of women with genital symptoms. Poor hygiene, chemical irritants, sexual behaviour, vaginal blood, birth control type, and/or the lack of an oestrogen effect may have caused the symptoms. The highest occurrence of Gram-negative bacteria (p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02842.x |
| format | Article |
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The occurrence of genital microorganisms in non-pregnant females of all ages was studied, as were the risk factors associated with each microorganism. A retrospective analysis of vaginal and endocervical cultures and wet smears from 27 172 non-pregnant women, between 1996 to 2005, was performed taking into consideration clinical and socio-demographic characteristics. No microorganisms were observed in 55.7% of the individuals studied and 44.3% had positive cultures. There was no microbiological aetiology in 49% of women with genital symptoms. Poor hygiene, chemical irritants, sexual behaviour, vaginal blood, birth control type, and/or the lack of an oestrogen effect may have caused the symptoms. The highest occurrence of Gram-negative bacteria (p <0.01), mainly Escherichia coli, was observed in prepubescent girls. The highest occurrence of Candida species (p <0.01) was in women of childbearing age, and of Gram-positive bacteria (p <0.01) in menopausal women. Adolescents, particularly asymptomatic girls, carried more frequently Ureaplasma urealyticum and Chlamydia trachomatis (p <0.01). Hormonal contraception and consistent condom use was protective against bacterial vaginosis and U. urealyticum colonization. Users of intrauterine devices had an increased risk of bacterial vaginosis or of contracting U. urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis and Candida species. Genital complaints were an independent indicator of Candida species, Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, Trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis. Chlamydia trachomatis infections were often asymptomatic. It is concluded that the hormonal milieu and non-physiological factors are major determinants of the vaginal flora. If diagnosis of genital infections is based on symptoms alone and not on culture results, it may be erroneous. Sexual abuse should be investigated when a child presents with a sexually transmitted disease.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1198-743X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1469-0691</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02842.x</identifier><identifier>PMID: 19558525</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford, UK: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Bacterial diseases ; Bacterial diseases of the genital system ; Bacterial vaginosis ; Biological and medical sciences ; Candida ; Candida - isolation & purification ; Cervix Uteri - microbiology ; Child ; Chlamydia trachomatis ; Epidemiology. Vaccinations ; Escherichia coli ; Female ; General aspects ; Gram-Negative Bacteria - isolation & purification ; Gram-Positive Bacteria - isolation & purification ; hormonal status ; Human bacterial diseases ; Humans ; Infectious diseases ; Medical sciences ; Menarche ; Menopause ; Middle Aged ; Mycoplasma hominis ; Sexual Behavior ; sexual behaviour ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases - epidemiology ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases - etiology ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases - physiopathology ; STD ; Trichomonas vaginalis ; Trichomonas vaginalis - isolation & purification ; Ureaplasma urealyticum ; Vagina - microbiology ; Vaginal Diseases - epidemiology ; Vaginal Diseases - etiology ; Vaginal Diseases - physiopathology ; vaginal flora ; Vaginosis, Bacterial - microbiology ; Vaginosis, Bacterial - physiopathology ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Clinical microbiology and infection, 2009-07, Vol.15 (7), p.670-679</ispartof><rights>2009 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases</rights><rights>2009 The Authors. 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The occurrence of genital microorganisms in non-pregnant females of all ages was studied, as were the risk factors associated with each microorganism. A retrospective analysis of vaginal and endocervical cultures and wet smears from 27 172 non-pregnant women, between 1996 to 2005, was performed taking into consideration clinical and socio-demographic characteristics. No microorganisms were observed in 55.7% of the individuals studied and 44.3% had positive cultures. There was no microbiological aetiology in 49% of women with genital symptoms. Poor hygiene, chemical irritants, sexual behaviour, vaginal blood, birth control type, and/or the lack of an oestrogen effect may have caused the symptoms. The highest occurrence of Gram-negative bacteria (p <0.01), mainly Escherichia coli, was observed in prepubescent girls. The highest occurrence of Candida species (p <0.01) was in women of childbearing age, and of Gram-positive bacteria (p <0.01) in menopausal women. Adolescents, particularly asymptomatic girls, carried more frequently Ureaplasma urealyticum and Chlamydia trachomatis (p <0.01). Hormonal contraception and consistent condom use was protective against bacterial vaginosis and U. urealyticum colonization. Users of intrauterine devices had an increased risk of bacterial vaginosis or of contracting U. urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis and Candida species. Genital complaints were an independent indicator of Candida species, Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, Trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis. Chlamydia trachomatis infections were often asymptomatic. It is concluded that the hormonal milieu and non-physiological factors are major determinants of the vaginal flora. If diagnosis of genital infections is based on symptoms alone and not on culture results, it may be erroneous. Sexual abuse should be investigated when a child presents with a sexually transmitted disease.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Bacterial diseases</subject><subject>Bacterial diseases of the genital system</subject><subject>Bacterial vaginosis</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Candida</subject><subject>Candida - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Cervix Uteri - microbiology</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Chlamydia trachomatis</subject><subject>Epidemiology. Vaccinations</subject><subject>Escherichia coli</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>General aspects</subject><subject>Gram-Negative Bacteria - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Gram-Positive Bacteria - isolation & purification</subject><subject>hormonal status</subject><subject>Human bacterial diseases</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infectious diseases</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Menarche</subject><subject>Menopause</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Mycoplasma hominis</subject><subject>Sexual Behavior</subject><subject>sexual behaviour</subject><subject>Sexually Transmitted Diseases - epidemiology</subject><subject>Sexually Transmitted Diseases - etiology</subject><subject>Sexually Transmitted Diseases - physiopathology</subject><subject>STD</subject><subject>Trichomonas vaginalis</subject><subject>Trichomonas vaginalis - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Ureaplasma urealyticum</subject><subject>Vagina - microbiology</subject><subject>Vaginal Diseases - epidemiology</subject><subject>Vaginal Diseases - etiology</subject><subject>Vaginal Diseases - physiopathology</subject><subject>vaginal flora</subject><subject>Vaginosis, Bacterial - microbiology</subject><subject>Vaginosis, Bacterial - physiopathology</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>1198-743X</issn><issn>1469-0691</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2009</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkUtvEzEUhUeIipbCX0DewG4G2-PXILGAiJcU1A0gdpZj34kcZuxgT0qz5ZfjSaKWXWvJ8tX1d_w4p6oQwQ0p4_WmIUx0NRYdaSjGXYOpYrS5eVRd3G48LjXpVC1Z-_O8eprzBmNM25Y9qc5Jx7nilF9Uf3-YtQ9mQCY4BMFFC-na29IYvU0xprUJPo8Z-YDyftxOcTSTtwfc_N8IMdTbBOtgwoR6GM0A-Q1KPv9CvbFTTPmgSWaCjGKPorW7lCBYeFad9WbI8Py0XlbfP374tvhcL68-fVm8W9aWt5LWTgoqVWeACVl-IVYtoZRLTglzvGXUyL4tUzmxskq5nlLBnaCsM2LFe8fay-rV8dxtir93kCc9-mxhGEyAuMtaSK6UEOpekGKpWHGwgOoIFqdyTtDrbfKjSXtNsJ6D0hs956HnPPQclD4EpW-K9MXpjt1qBHcnPCVTgJcnwOQSR59MsD7fcpTIYgNuC_f2yP3xA-wf_AC9WH6dq6J_f9RDsf7aQ9LZ-jkW5xPYSbvo7__NP9gJxaI</recordid><startdate>200907</startdate><enddate>200907</enddate><creator>Tibaldi, C.</creator><creator>Cappello, N.</creator><creator>Latino, M.A.</creator><creator>Masuelli, G.</creator><creator>Marini, S.</creator><creator>Benedetto, C.</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Wiley-Blackwell</general><scope>6I.</scope><scope>AAFTH</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>200907</creationdate><title>Vaginal and endocervical microorganisms in symptomatic and asymptomatic non-pregnant females: risk factors and rates of occurrence</title><author>Tibaldi, C. ; Cappello, N. ; Latino, M.A. ; Masuelli, G. ; Marini, S. ; Benedetto, C.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c5372-d762789ae4673346b3122575214d5342a7f3a7f8d6bc88df2265d6249a6b5fd43</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2009</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Bacterial diseases</topic><topic>Bacterial diseases of the genital system</topic><topic>Bacterial vaginosis</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Candida</topic><topic>Candida - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Cervix Uteri - microbiology</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Chlamydia trachomatis</topic><topic>Epidemiology. Vaccinations</topic><topic>Escherichia coli</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>General aspects</topic><topic>Gram-Negative Bacteria - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Gram-Positive Bacteria - isolation & purification</topic><topic>hormonal status</topic><topic>Human bacterial diseases</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Infectious diseases</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Menarche</topic><topic>Menopause</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Mycoplasma hominis</topic><topic>Sexual Behavior</topic><topic>sexual behaviour</topic><topic>Sexually Transmitted Diseases - epidemiology</topic><topic>Sexually Transmitted Diseases - etiology</topic><topic>Sexually Transmitted Diseases - physiopathology</topic><topic>STD</topic><topic>Trichomonas vaginalis</topic><topic>Trichomonas vaginalis - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Ureaplasma urealyticum</topic><topic>Vagina - microbiology</topic><topic>Vaginal Diseases - epidemiology</topic><topic>Vaginal Diseases - etiology</topic><topic>Vaginal Diseases - physiopathology</topic><topic>vaginal flora</topic><topic>Vaginosis, Bacterial - microbiology</topic><topic>Vaginosis, Bacterial - physiopathology</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Tibaldi, C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cappello, N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Latino, M.A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Masuelli, G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marini, S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Benedetto, C.</creatorcontrib><collection>ScienceDirect Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Clinical microbiology and infection</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Tibaldi, C.</au><au>Cappello, N.</au><au>Latino, M.A.</au><au>Masuelli, G.</au><au>Marini, S.</au><au>Benedetto, C.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Vaginal and endocervical microorganisms in symptomatic and asymptomatic non-pregnant females: risk factors and rates of occurrence</atitle><jtitle>Clinical microbiology and infection</jtitle><addtitle>Clin Microbiol Infect</addtitle><date>2009-07</date><risdate>2009</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>670</spage><epage>679</epage><pages>670-679</pages><issn>1198-743X</issn><eissn>1469-0691</eissn><abstract>Physiological or non-physiological factors may affect the vaginal flora. The occurrence of genital microorganisms in non-pregnant females of all ages was studied, as were the risk factors associated with each microorganism. A retrospective analysis of vaginal and endocervical cultures and wet smears from 27 172 non-pregnant women, between 1996 to 2005, was performed taking into consideration clinical and socio-demographic characteristics. No microorganisms were observed in 55.7% of the individuals studied and 44.3% had positive cultures. There was no microbiological aetiology in 49% of women with genital symptoms. Poor hygiene, chemical irritants, sexual behaviour, vaginal blood, birth control type, and/or the lack of an oestrogen effect may have caused the symptoms. The highest occurrence of Gram-negative bacteria (p <0.01), mainly Escherichia coli, was observed in prepubescent girls. The highest occurrence of Candida species (p <0.01) was in women of childbearing age, and of Gram-positive bacteria (p <0.01) in menopausal women. Adolescents, particularly asymptomatic girls, carried more frequently Ureaplasma urealyticum and Chlamydia trachomatis (p <0.01). Hormonal contraception and consistent condom use was protective against bacterial vaginosis and U. urealyticum colonization. Users of intrauterine devices had an increased risk of bacterial vaginosis or of contracting U. urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis and Candida species. Genital complaints were an independent indicator of Candida species, Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, Trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis. Chlamydia trachomatis infections were often asymptomatic. It is concluded that the hormonal milieu and non-physiological factors are major determinants of the vaginal flora. If diagnosis of genital infections is based on symptoms alone and not on culture results, it may be erroneous. Sexual abuse should be investigated when a child presents with a sexually transmitted disease.</abstract><cop>Oxford, UK</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>19558525</pmid><doi>10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02842.x</doi><tpages>10</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Clinical microbiology and infection, 2009-07, Vol.15 (7), p.670-679 |
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| subjects | Adolescent Adult Aged Animals Bacterial diseases Bacterial diseases of the genital system Bacterial vaginosis Biological and medical sciences Candida Candida - isolation & purification Cervix Uteri - microbiology Child Chlamydia trachomatis Epidemiology. Vaccinations Escherichia coli Female General aspects Gram-Negative Bacteria - isolation & purification Gram-Positive Bacteria - isolation & purification hormonal status Human bacterial diseases Humans Infectious diseases Medical sciences Menarche Menopause Middle Aged Mycoplasma hominis Sexual Behavior sexual behaviour Sexually Transmitted Diseases - epidemiology Sexually Transmitted Diseases - etiology Sexually Transmitted Diseases - physiopathology STD Trichomonas vaginalis Trichomonas vaginalis - isolation & purification Ureaplasma urealyticum Vagina - microbiology Vaginal Diseases - epidemiology Vaginal Diseases - etiology Vaginal Diseases - physiopathology vaginal flora Vaginosis, Bacterial - microbiology Vaginosis, Bacterial - physiopathology Young Adult |
| title | Vaginal and endocervical microorganisms in symptomatic and asymptomatic non-pregnant females: risk factors and rates of occurrence |
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