Cigarette smoking, estrogen levels, and hot flashes in midlife women
The aims of this study were to examine the association of smoking with the occurrence, frequency, and severity of hot flashes and to determine whether the mechanism by which active cigarette smoking increases the risk of hot flashes is by lowering estradiol and estrone levels. A case–control study w...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Maturitas 2006-01, Vol.53 (2), p.133-143 |
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| creator | Gallicchio, Lisa Miller, Susan R. Visvanathan, Kala Lewis, Lynn M. Babus, Janice Zacur, Howard Flaws, Jodi A. |
| description | The aims of this study were to examine the association of smoking with the occurrence, frequency, and severity of hot flashes and to determine whether the mechanism by which active cigarette smoking increases the risk of hot flashes is by lowering estradiol and estrone levels.
A case–control study was conducted among women aged 45–54 years to examine risk factors for hot flashes. Cases were women who reported ever experiencing hot flashes (
n
=
353). Controls were women who reported never experiencing hot flashes (
n
=
258). Each participant completed a questionnaire and provided a blood sample that was used to measure estradiol and estrone levels.
The results showed that both current and ever smokers had higher odds than never smokers of experiencing any and more severe hot flashes. Further, significant positive associations were observed between frequency and duration of smoking and the experiencing of any and more severe hot flashes. Smoking was not associated with estradiol or estrone levels in univariate analyses. In addition, the odds ratios for the associations between the cigarette smoking variables and hot flashes did not change when the hormone variables were added to the model.
These findings indicate that smoking is associated with the occurrence of any and more severe hot flashes, independent of estrogen levels. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.03.007 |
| format | Article |
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A case–control study was conducted among women aged 45–54 years to examine risk factors for hot flashes. Cases were women who reported ever experiencing hot flashes (
n
=
353). Controls were women who reported never experiencing hot flashes (
n
=
258). Each participant completed a questionnaire and provided a blood sample that was used to measure estradiol and estrone levels.
The results showed that both current and ever smokers had higher odds than never smokers of experiencing any and more severe hot flashes. Further, significant positive associations were observed between frequency and duration of smoking and the experiencing of any and more severe hot flashes. Smoking was not associated with estradiol or estrone levels in univariate analyses. In addition, the odds ratios for the associations between the cigarette smoking variables and hot flashes did not change when the hormone variables were added to the model.
These findings indicate that smoking is associated with the occurrence of any and more severe hot flashes, independent of estrogen levels.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0378-5122</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-4111</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.03.007</identifier><identifier>PMID: 16368467</identifier><identifier>CODEN: MATUDK</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Shannon: Elsevier Ireland Ltd</publisher><subject>Baltimore - epidemiology ; Biological and medical sciences ; Body Mass Index ; Case-Control Studies ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Educational Status ; Estradiol - blood ; Estrone - blood ; Female ; Gynecology. Andrology. Obstetrics ; Hormones ; Hot flashes ; Hot Flashes - blood ; Hot Flashes - epidemiology ; Hot Flashes - etiology ; Humans ; Medical sciences ; Menopause ; Middle Aged ; Odds Ratio ; Puberal and climacteric disorders (male and female) ; Risk Factors ; Severity of Illness Index ; Smoking ; Smoking - adverse effects ; Smoking - blood ; Smoking - epidemiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires</subject><ispartof>Maturitas, 2006-01, Vol.53 (2), p.133-143</ispartof><rights>2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd</rights><rights>2006 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c399t-efc11ff353bf811b6d12d392163cfe0ee80cf150db9970399829bef6e7c95e043</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c399t-efc11ff353bf811b6d12d392163cfe0ee80cf150db9970399829bef6e7c95e043</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.03.007$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>315,781,785,3551,27929,27930,46000</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=17365218$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16368467$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Gallicchio, Lisa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miller, Susan R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Visvanathan, Kala</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lewis, Lynn M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Babus, Janice</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zacur, Howard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Flaws, Jodi A.</creatorcontrib><title>Cigarette smoking, estrogen levels, and hot flashes in midlife women</title><title>Maturitas</title><addtitle>Maturitas</addtitle><description>The aims of this study were to examine the association of smoking with the occurrence, frequency, and severity of hot flashes and to determine whether the mechanism by which active cigarette smoking increases the risk of hot flashes is by lowering estradiol and estrone levels.
A case–control study was conducted among women aged 45–54 years to examine risk factors for hot flashes. Cases were women who reported ever experiencing hot flashes (
n
=
353). Controls were women who reported never experiencing hot flashes (
n
=
258). Each participant completed a questionnaire and provided a blood sample that was used to measure estradiol and estrone levels.
The results showed that both current and ever smokers had higher odds than never smokers of experiencing any and more severe hot flashes. Further, significant positive associations were observed between frequency and duration of smoking and the experiencing of any and more severe hot flashes. Smoking was not associated with estradiol or estrone levels in univariate analyses. In addition, the odds ratios for the associations between the cigarette smoking variables and hot flashes did not change when the hormone variables were added to the model.
These findings indicate that smoking is associated with the occurrence of any and more severe hot flashes, independent of estrogen levels.</description><subject>Baltimore - epidemiology</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Body Mass Index</subject><subject>Case-Control Studies</subject><subject>Chi-Square Distribution</subject><subject>Educational Status</subject><subject>Estradiol - blood</subject><subject>Estrone - blood</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Gynecology. Andrology. Obstetrics</subject><subject>Hormones</subject><subject>Hot flashes</subject><subject>Hot Flashes - blood</subject><subject>Hot Flashes - epidemiology</subject><subject>Hot Flashes - etiology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Menopause</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Odds Ratio</subject><subject>Puberal and climacteric disorders (male and female)</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Severity of Illness Index</subject><subject>Smoking</subject><subject>Smoking - adverse effects</subject><subject>Smoking - blood</subject><subject>Smoking - epidemiology</subject><subject>Surveys and Questionnaires</subject><issn>0378-5122</issn><issn>1873-4111</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2006</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkEtPGzEUha2qqKS0f6H1pqyY4V47M_YsUegDCYkNXVsez3XiMA9qT0D8exwlgmVXd_Odc48-xr4jlAhYX27Lwc67GGabSgFQlSBLAPWBLVArWSwR8SNbgFS6qFCIU_Y5pS1kEOTyEzvFWtZ6WasFu16FtY00z8TTMD2EcX3BKc1xWtPIe3qiPl1wO3Z8M83c9zZtKPEw8iF0ffDEn6eBxi_sxNs-0dfjPWN_f_28X_0pbu9-36yubgsnm2YuyDtE72UlW68R27pD0clG5DXOExBpcB4r6NqmUZAjWjQt-ZqUayqCpTxj54fexzj92-WZZgjJUd_bkaZdMrWqtNAgMqgOoItTSpG8eYxhsPHFIJi9QLM1bwLNXqABabLAnPx2fLFrB-rec0djGfhxBGxytvfRji6kd07JuhKoM3d14LJBegoUTXKBRkddiORm003hv2NeAWwwkwo</recordid><startdate>20060120</startdate><enddate>20060120</enddate><creator>Gallicchio, Lisa</creator><creator>Miller, Susan R.</creator><creator>Visvanathan, Kala</creator><creator>Lewis, Lynn M.</creator><creator>Babus, Janice</creator><creator>Zacur, Howard</creator><creator>Flaws, Jodi A.</creator><general>Elsevier Ireland Ltd</general><general>Elsevier Science</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20060120</creationdate><title>Cigarette smoking, estrogen levels, and hot flashes in midlife women</title><author>Gallicchio, Lisa ; Miller, Susan R. ; Visvanathan, Kala ; Lewis, Lynn M. ; Babus, Janice ; Zacur, Howard ; Flaws, Jodi A.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c399t-efc11ff353bf811b6d12d392163cfe0ee80cf150db9970399829bef6e7c95e043</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2006</creationdate><topic>Baltimore - epidemiology</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Body Mass Index</topic><topic>Case-Control Studies</topic><topic>Chi-Square Distribution</topic><topic>Educational Status</topic><topic>Estradiol - blood</topic><topic>Estrone - blood</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Gynecology. Andrology. Obstetrics</topic><topic>Hormones</topic><topic>Hot flashes</topic><topic>Hot Flashes - blood</topic><topic>Hot Flashes - epidemiology</topic><topic>Hot Flashes - etiology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Menopause</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Odds Ratio</topic><topic>Puberal and climacteric disorders (male and female)</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Severity of Illness Index</topic><topic>Smoking</topic><topic>Smoking - adverse effects</topic><topic>Smoking - blood</topic><topic>Smoking - epidemiology</topic><topic>Surveys and Questionnaires</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Gallicchio, Lisa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miller, Susan R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Visvanathan, Kala</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lewis, Lynn M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Babus, Janice</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zacur, Howard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Flaws, Jodi A.</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Maturitas</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Gallicchio, Lisa</au><au>Miller, Susan R.</au><au>Visvanathan, Kala</au><au>Lewis, Lynn M.</au><au>Babus, Janice</au><au>Zacur, Howard</au><au>Flaws, Jodi A.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Cigarette smoking, estrogen levels, and hot flashes in midlife women</atitle><jtitle>Maturitas</jtitle><addtitle>Maturitas</addtitle><date>2006-01-20</date><risdate>2006</risdate><volume>53</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>133</spage><epage>143</epage><pages>133-143</pages><issn>0378-5122</issn><eissn>1873-4111</eissn><coden>MATUDK</coden><abstract>The aims of this study were to examine the association of smoking with the occurrence, frequency, and severity of hot flashes and to determine whether the mechanism by which active cigarette smoking increases the risk of hot flashes is by lowering estradiol and estrone levels.
A case–control study was conducted among women aged 45–54 years to examine risk factors for hot flashes. Cases were women who reported ever experiencing hot flashes (
n
=
353). Controls were women who reported never experiencing hot flashes (
n
=
258). Each participant completed a questionnaire and provided a blood sample that was used to measure estradiol and estrone levels.
The results showed that both current and ever smokers had higher odds than never smokers of experiencing any and more severe hot flashes. Further, significant positive associations were observed between frequency and duration of smoking and the experiencing of any and more severe hot flashes. Smoking was not associated with estradiol or estrone levels in univariate analyses. In addition, the odds ratios for the associations between the cigarette smoking variables and hot flashes did not change when the hormone variables were added to the model.
These findings indicate that smoking is associated with the occurrence of any and more severe hot flashes, independent of estrogen levels.</abstract><cop>Shannon</cop><pub>Elsevier Ireland Ltd</pub><pmid>16368467</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.03.007</doi><tpages>11</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0378-5122 |
| ispartof | Maturitas, 2006-01, Vol.53 (2), p.133-143 |
| issn | 0378-5122 1873-4111 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals Complete |
| subjects | Baltimore - epidemiology Biological and medical sciences Body Mass Index Case-Control Studies Chi-Square Distribution Educational Status Estradiol - blood Estrone - blood Female Gynecology. Andrology. Obstetrics Hormones Hot flashes Hot Flashes - blood Hot Flashes - epidemiology Hot Flashes - etiology Humans Medical sciences Menopause Middle Aged Odds Ratio Puberal and climacteric disorders (male and female) Risk Factors Severity of Illness Index Smoking Smoking - adverse effects Smoking - blood Smoking - epidemiology Surveys and Questionnaires |
| title | Cigarette smoking, estrogen levels, and hot flashes in midlife women |
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