Calcitonin in a protochordate, Ciona intestinalis - the prototype of the vertebrate calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide superfamily

The calcitonin (CT)/CT gene-related peptides (CGRPs) constitute a large peptide family in vertebrates. However, no CT/CGRP superfamily members have so far been identified in invertebrates, and the evolutionary process leading to the diverse vertebrate CT/CGRP superfamily members remains unclear. In...

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Veröffentlicht in:The FEBS journal 2009-08, Vol.276 (16), p.4437-4447
Hauptverfasser: Sekiguchi, Toshio, Suzuki, Nobuo, Fujiwara, Nobuyuki, Aoyama, Masato, Kawada, Tsuyoshi, Sugase, Kenji, Murata, Yoshiko, Sasayama, Yuichi, Ogasawara, Michio, Satake, Honoo
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container_issue 16
container_start_page 4437
container_title The FEBS journal
container_volume 276
creator Sekiguchi, Toshio
Suzuki, Nobuo
Fujiwara, Nobuyuki
Aoyama, Masato
Kawada, Tsuyoshi
Sugase, Kenji
Murata, Yoshiko
Sasayama, Yuichi
Ogasawara, Michio
Satake, Honoo
description The calcitonin (CT)/CT gene-related peptides (CGRPs) constitute a large peptide family in vertebrates. However, no CT/CGRP superfamily members have so far been identified in invertebrates, and the evolutionary process leading to the diverse vertebrate CT/CGRP superfamily members remains unclear. In this study, we have identified an authentic invertebrate CT, Ci-CT, in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, which is the phylogenetically closest invertebrate chordate to vertebrates. The amino acid sequence of Ci-CT was shown to display high similarity to those of vertebrate CTs and to share CT consensus motifs, including the N-terminal circular region and C-terminal amidated proline. Furthermore, the Ci-CT gene was found to be the only Ciona CT/CGRP superfamily gene. Ci-CT also exhibited less potent, but significant, activation of the human CT receptor, as compared with salmon CT. Physiological analysis revealed that Ci-CT reduced the osteoclastic activity that is specific to vertebrate CTs. CD analysis demonstrated that Ci-CT weakly forms an α-helix structure. These results provide evidence that the CT/CGRP superfamily is essentially conserved in ascidians as well as in vertebrates, and indicate that Ci-CT is a prototype of vertebrate CT/CGRP superfamily members. Moreover, expression analysis demonstrated that Ci-CT is expressed in more organs than vertebrate CTs in the cognate organs, suggesting that an original CT/CGRP superfamily member gene was also expressed in multiple organs, and each CT/CGRP superfamily member acquired its current specific tissue distribution and physiological role concomitantly with diversification of the CT/CGRP superfamily during the evolution of chordates. This is the first report on a CT/CGRP superfamily member in invertebrates.
doi_str_mv 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07151.x
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However, no CT/CGRP superfamily members have so far been identified in invertebrates, and the evolutionary process leading to the diverse vertebrate CT/CGRP superfamily members remains unclear. In this study, we have identified an authentic invertebrate CT, Ci-CT, in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, which is the phylogenetically closest invertebrate chordate to vertebrates. The amino acid sequence of Ci-CT was shown to display high similarity to those of vertebrate CTs and to share CT consensus motifs, including the N-terminal circular region and C-terminal amidated proline. Furthermore, the Ci-CT gene was found to be the only Ciona CT/CGRP superfamily gene. Ci-CT also exhibited less potent, but significant, activation of the human CT receptor, as compared with salmon CT. Physiological analysis revealed that Ci-CT reduced the osteoclastic activity that is specific to vertebrate CTs. CD analysis demonstrated that Ci-CT weakly forms an α-helix structure. These results provide evidence that the CT/CGRP superfamily is essentially conserved in ascidians as well as in vertebrates, and indicate that Ci-CT is a prototype of vertebrate CT/CGRP superfamily members. Moreover, expression analysis demonstrated that Ci-CT is expressed in more organs than vertebrate CTs in the cognate organs, suggesting that an original CT/CGRP superfamily member gene was also expressed in multiple organs, and each CT/CGRP superfamily member acquired its current specific tissue distribution and physiological role concomitantly with diversification of the CT/CGRP superfamily during the evolution of chordates. This is the first report on a CT/CGRP superfamily member in invertebrates.</abstract><cop>Oxford, UK</cop><pub>Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>19691140</pmid><doi>10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07151.x</doi><tpages>11</tpages></addata></record>
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subjects Amino Acid Sequence
amino acid sequences
Amino acids
Animals
Aquatic life
ascidian
Biochemistry
calcitonin
Calcitonin - chemistry
Calcitonin - genetics
Calcitonin - metabolism
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide
Chordata
Ciona intestinalis
Ciona intestinalis - chemistry
consensus sequence
evolution
Evolutionary biology
genes
Humans
Invertebrates
Marine
Organ Specificity
Peptides
phylogeny
proline
Protein Structure, Secondary
Receptors, Calcitonin - metabolism
Salmon
Salmonidae
Species Specificity
tissue distribution
Vertebrates
title Calcitonin in a protochordate, Ciona intestinalis - the prototype of the vertebrate calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide superfamily
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