CD40 and OX40 ligand are increased on stimulated asthmatic airway smooth muscle

Severe, persistent asthma is characterized by airway smooth muscle hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration into the smooth muscle, and increased expression of many cytokines, including IL-4, IL-13, IL-1β, and TNF-α. These cytokines have the potential to alter the expression of surface receptors such as CD40 and OX40 ligand on the airway smooth muscle cell. To examine whether cytokines alter expression of CD40 and OX40 ligand on airway smooth muscle cells and identify any differences in response between asthmatic and nonasthmatic airway smooth muscle cells. We used flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry to detect CD40 and OX40 ligand on airway smooth muscle cells cultured in the presence of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, or IL-13. Prostaglandin E 2 levels were assessed by ELISA. TNF-α increased expression of both CD40 and OX40 ligand on both asthmatic and nonasthmatic airway smooth muscle cells. The level of expression was significantly greater on the asthmatic cells. IL-1β alone had no effect, but it attenuated the TNF-induced expression of both CD40 and OX40 ligand. The mechanism of inhibition was COX-dependent for CD40 and was COX-independent but cyclic AMP–dependent for OX40 ligand. IL-4 and IL-13 had no effect. Our study has demonstrated that TNF-α and IL-1β have the potential to modulate differentially the interactions between cells present in the inflamed airways of a patient with asthma and therefore to contribute to the regulation of airway inflammation and remodeling.