complex Enrichment Diet improves growth and health in the endangered Wyoming toad (Bufo baxteri)

The endangered Wyoming toad (Bufo baxteri) suffers nutrition related pathologies including poor growth and feeding difficulties from squamous metaplasia. Juvenile B. baxteri were each fed three supplemented feeder diets over 22 weeks and their growth, strike rate, and ingestion success measured. Die...

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Veröffentlicht in:Zoo biology 2009-05, Vol.28 (3), p.197-213
Hauptverfasser: Li, H, Vaughan, M.J, Browne, R.K
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Browne, R.K
description The endangered Wyoming toad (Bufo baxteri) suffers nutrition related pathologies including poor growth and feeding difficulties from squamous metaplasia. Juvenile B. baxteri were each fed three supplemented feeder diets over 22 weeks and their growth, strike rate, and ingestion success measured. Diet (1) Enrichment Diet: feeder crickets fed fish oil, spirulina, and ground turtle feed; (2) Vitamin Diet: feeder crickets dusted heavily with Reptivite® multi-vitamin/mineral powder; and (3) Control Diet: feeder crickets dusted with calcium and Vitamin D powder. The Enrichment Diet produced faster growth in length (P
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Juvenile B. baxteri were each fed three supplemented feeder diets over 22 weeks and their growth, strike rate, and ingestion success measured. Diet (1) Enrichment Diet: feeder crickets fed fish oil, spirulina, and ground turtle feed; (2) Vitamin Diet: feeder crickets dusted heavily with Reptivite® multi-vitamin/mineral powder; and (3) Control Diet: feeder crickets dusted with calcium and Vitamin D powder. The Enrichment Diet produced faster growth in length (P&lt;0.05) than those fed the Vitamin Diet, and at 22 weeks either the Enrichment Diet or Control Diet produced greater weight (P&lt;0.05) than those on the Vitamin Diet. Toads fed the Vitamin Diet ingested significantly (P&lt;0.01) less crickets (~105 g/toad) compared with those fed the Enrichment Diet or Control Diet (~121 g/toad). Approximately 50% of either Reptivite® multi-vitamin/mineral or calcium/vitamin D powder was lost within 90 sec of dusting. The Enrichment Diet produced the same strike rate (~25 strikes in 5 min.) but higher (P&lt;0.01) IS (38.3±4.2%) than those fed the Vitamin Diet (24.2±1.8%) or Control Diet (20.1±1.5). 1)Results showed that the Enrichment Diet provided superior growth, enrichment of feeder crickets provides an attractive alternative to the use of topical powders alone, and crickets lose ~50% of topical powders within minutes. Feeding a diet highly enriched in retinol and unsaturated fatty acids resulted in improved growth and health for young Wyoming toads. 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Juvenile B. baxteri were each fed three supplemented feeder diets over 22 weeks and their growth, strike rate, and ingestion success measured. Diet (1) Enrichment Diet: feeder crickets fed fish oil, spirulina, and ground turtle feed; (2) Vitamin Diet: feeder crickets dusted heavily with Reptivite® multi-vitamin/mineral powder; and (3) Control Diet: feeder crickets dusted with calcium and Vitamin D powder. The Enrichment Diet produced faster growth in length (P&lt;0.05) than those fed the Vitamin Diet, and at 22 weeks either the Enrichment Diet or Control Diet produced greater weight (P&lt;0.05) than those on the Vitamin Diet. Toads fed the Vitamin Diet ingested significantly (P&lt;0.01) less crickets (~105 g/toad) compared with those fed the Enrichment Diet or Control Diet (~121 g/toad). Approximately 50% of either Reptivite® multi-vitamin/mineral or calcium/vitamin D powder was lost within 90 sec of dusting. The Enrichment Diet produced the same strike rate (~25 strikes in 5 min.) but higher (P&lt;0.01) IS (38.3±4.2%) than those fed the Vitamin Diet (24.2±1.8%) or Control Diet (20.1±1.5). 1)Results showed that the Enrichment Diet provided superior growth, enrichment of feeder crickets provides an attractive alternative to the use of topical powders alone, and crickets lose ~50% of topical powders within minutes. Feeding a diet highly enriched in retinol and unsaturated fatty acids resulted in improved growth and health for young Wyoming toads. Zoo Biol 28:197-213, 2009.</description><subject>Amphibia</subject><subject>amphibian</subject><subject>animal growth</subject><subject>animal health</subject><subject>animal nutrition</subject><subject>Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena - physiology</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Body Constitution - physiology</subject><subject>Body Weight</subject><subject>Bone and Bones - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Bufo</subject><subject>Bufonidae - growth &amp; development</subject><subject>Diet</subject><subject>dusting</subject><subject>endangered species</subject><subject>enriched feeds</subject><subject>feed supplements</subject><subject>growth</subject><subject>Gryllidae</subject><subject>hypovitaminosis A</subject><subject>ingestion</subject><subject>live feeds</subject><subject>nutrition</subject><subject>nutritive value</subject><subject>powders</subject><subject>predation</subject><subject>Radiography</subject><subject>Spirulina</subject><subject>squamous metaplasia</subject><subject>unsaturated fatty acid</subject><subject>vitamin-mineral supplements</subject><subject>Vitamins - administration &amp; 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Vaughan, M.J ; Browne, R.K</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4163-dff5e2051a721446c3fd6539b246afb8a2a1d346801be0e0b08e673e8d0985253</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2009</creationdate><topic>Amphibia</topic><topic>amphibian</topic><topic>animal growth</topic><topic>animal health</topic><topic>animal nutrition</topic><topic>Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena - physiology</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Body Constitution - physiology</topic><topic>Body Weight</topic><topic>Bone and Bones - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Bufo</topic><topic>Bufonidae - growth &amp; development</topic><topic>Diet</topic><topic>dusting</topic><topic>endangered species</topic><topic>enriched feeds</topic><topic>feed supplements</topic><topic>growth</topic><topic>Gryllidae</topic><topic>hypovitaminosis A</topic><topic>ingestion</topic><topic>live feeds</topic><topic>nutrition</topic><topic>nutritive value</topic><topic>powders</topic><topic>predation</topic><topic>Radiography</topic><topic>Spirulina</topic><topic>squamous metaplasia</topic><topic>unsaturated fatty acid</topic><topic>vitamin-mineral supplements</topic><topic>Vitamins - administration &amp; dosage</topic><topic>Wyoming toad</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Li, H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vaughan, M.J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Browne, R.K</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Zoo biology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Li, H</au><au>Vaughan, M.J</au><au>Browne, R.K</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>complex Enrichment Diet improves growth and health in the endangered Wyoming toad (Bufo baxteri)</atitle><jtitle>Zoo biology</jtitle><addtitle>Zoo Biol</addtitle><date>2009-05</date><risdate>2009</risdate><volume>28</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>197</spage><epage>213</epage><pages>197-213</pages><issn>0733-3188</issn><eissn>1098-2361</eissn><abstract>The endangered Wyoming toad (Bufo baxteri) suffers nutrition related pathologies including poor growth and feeding difficulties from squamous metaplasia. Juvenile B. baxteri were each fed three supplemented feeder diets over 22 weeks and their growth, strike rate, and ingestion success measured. Diet (1) Enrichment Diet: feeder crickets fed fish oil, spirulina, and ground turtle feed; (2) Vitamin Diet: feeder crickets dusted heavily with Reptivite® multi-vitamin/mineral powder; and (3) Control Diet: feeder crickets dusted with calcium and Vitamin D powder. The Enrichment Diet produced faster growth in length (P&lt;0.05) than those fed the Vitamin Diet, and at 22 weeks either the Enrichment Diet or Control Diet produced greater weight (P&lt;0.05) than those on the Vitamin Diet. Toads fed the Vitamin Diet ingested significantly (P&lt;0.01) less crickets (~105 g/toad) compared with those fed the Enrichment Diet or Control Diet (~121 g/toad). Approximately 50% of either Reptivite® multi-vitamin/mineral or calcium/vitamin D powder was lost within 90 sec of dusting. The Enrichment Diet produced the same strike rate (~25 strikes in 5 min.) but higher (P&lt;0.01) IS (38.3±4.2%) than those fed the Vitamin Diet (24.2±1.8%) or Control Diet (20.1±1.5). 1)Results showed that the Enrichment Diet provided superior growth, enrichment of feeder crickets provides an attractive alternative to the use of topical powders alone, and crickets lose ~50% of topical powders within minutes. Feeding a diet highly enriched in retinol and unsaturated fatty acids resulted in improved growth and health for young Wyoming toads. Zoo Biol 28:197-213, 2009.</abstract><cop>Hoboken</cop><pub>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</pub><pmid>19504597</pmid><doi>10.1002/zoo.20223</doi><tpages>17</tpages></addata></record>
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subjects Amphibia
amphibian
animal growth
animal health
animal nutrition
Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena - physiology
Animals
Body Constitution - physiology
Body Weight
Bone and Bones - diagnostic imaging
Bufo
Bufonidae - growth & development
Diet
dusting
endangered species
enriched feeds
feed supplements
growth
Gryllidae
hypovitaminosis A
ingestion
live feeds
nutrition
nutritive value
powders
predation
Radiography
Spirulina
squamous metaplasia
unsaturated fatty acid
vitamin-mineral supplements
Vitamins - administration & dosage
Wyoming toad
title complex Enrichment Diet improves growth and health in the endangered Wyoming toad (Bufo baxteri)
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