Methanolic extract of onion (Allium cepa) attenuates ischemia/hypoxia-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes via antioxidant effect
Background Although there is growing awareness of the beneficial potential of onion intake to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, there is little information about the effect of onion on ischemic heart injury, one of the most common cardiovascular diseases. Aim of the study This study investig...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | European journal of nutrition 2009-06, Vol.48 (4), p.235-242 |
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| creator | Park, Sok Kim, Mi-Young Lee, Dong Ha Lee, Soo Hwan Baik, Eun Joo Moon, Chang-Hyun Park, Se Won Ko, Eun Young Oh, Sei-Ryang Jung, Yi-Sook |
| description | Background Although there is growing awareness of the beneficial potential of onion intake to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, there is little information about the effect of onion on ischemic heart injury, one of the most common cardiovascular diseases. Aim of the study This study investigates the effect of the methanol-soluble extract of onion on ischemic injury in heart-derived H9c2 cells in vitro and in rat hearts in vivo. The underlying mechanism is also investigated. Methods To evaluate the effect of onion on ischemia-induced cell death, LDH release and TUNEL-positivity were assessed in H9c2 cells, and the infarct size was measured in a myocardial infarct model. To investigate the mechanism of the cardioprotection by onion, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were measured using an imaging technique; the caspase-3 activity was assayed, and Western blotting was performed to examine cytochrome c release in H9c2 cells. Results The methanolic extract of onion had a preventive effect on ischemia/hypoxia-induced apoptotic death in H9c2 cells in vitro and in rat heart in vivo. The onion extract (0.05 g/ml) inhibited the elevation of the ROS, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation during hypoxia in H9c2 cells. In the in vivo rat myocardial infarction model, onion extract (10 g/kg) significantly reduced the infarct size, the apoptotic cell death of the heart and the plasma MDA level. Conclusion In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the methanolic extract of onion attenuates ischemia/hypoxia-induced apoptosis in heart-derived H9c2 cells in vitro and in rat hearts in vivo, through, at least in part, an antioxidant effect. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00394-009-0007-0 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_67366011</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>1746296491</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c423t-3e5d43be57e170accb4ba4a935477fd0a04d77b0f8df01c0cf63263bbcec57023</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kc1u1TAQhSMEoqXwAGzAqgSCReg4duxmWVX8SUUsoGtr4ti9rhI72A7q3fHoOMpVK7FgYY2l-c6ZGZ2qeknhAwWQZwmAdbwG6MoDWcOj6phyJmrR0Pbx_R_kUfUspdvCNEzQp9UR7RrGhWDH1Z9vJu_Qh9FpYu5yRJ1JsCR4Fzx5dzGObpmINjO-J5iz8Qtmk4hLemcmh2e7_RzuHNbOD4s2A8E5zDkkVxBPNMbBhWkf9H4V_XZI0GdXBEOpxFhrdH5ePbE4JvPiUE-q608ff15-qa--f_56eXFVa96wXDPTDpz1ppWGSkCte94jx461XEo7AAIfpOzBng8WqAZtBWsE63ttdCvL3SfV2813juHXYlJWU7nCjCN6E5akhGRCAKUFPP0HvA1L9GU31VB-vkJdgegG6RhSisaqOboJ415RUGs2astGlWzUmo2Conl1MF76yQwPikMYBXhzADBpHG1Er1265xoqW9Y1q1Gzcam0_I2JDxv-b_rrTWQxKLyJxfj6RwOUARW8bYGzv8F9seU</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>214866019</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Methanolic extract of onion (Allium cepa) attenuates ischemia/hypoxia-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes via antioxidant effect</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings</source><creator>Park, Sok ; Kim, Mi-Young ; Lee, Dong Ha ; Lee, Soo Hwan ; Baik, Eun Joo ; Moon, Chang-Hyun ; Park, Se Won ; Ko, Eun Young ; Oh, Sei-Ryang ; Jung, Yi-Sook</creator><creatorcontrib>Park, Sok ; Kim, Mi-Young ; Lee, Dong Ha ; Lee, Soo Hwan ; Baik, Eun Joo ; Moon, Chang-Hyun ; Park, Se Won ; Ko, Eun Young ; Oh, Sei-Ryang ; Jung, Yi-Sook</creatorcontrib><description>Background Although there is growing awareness of the beneficial potential of onion intake to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, there is little information about the effect of onion on ischemic heart injury, one of the most common cardiovascular diseases. Aim of the study This study investigates the effect of the methanol-soluble extract of onion on ischemic injury in heart-derived H9c2 cells in vitro and in rat hearts in vivo. The underlying mechanism is also investigated. Methods To evaluate the effect of onion on ischemia-induced cell death, LDH release and TUNEL-positivity were assessed in H9c2 cells, and the infarct size was measured in a myocardial infarct model. To investigate the mechanism of the cardioprotection by onion, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were measured using an imaging technique; the caspase-3 activity was assayed, and Western blotting was performed to examine cytochrome c release in H9c2 cells. Results The methanolic extract of onion had a preventive effect on ischemia/hypoxia-induced apoptotic death in H9c2 cells in vitro and in rat heart in vivo. The onion extract (0.05 g/ml) inhibited the elevation of the ROS, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation during hypoxia in H9c2 cells. In the in vivo rat myocardial infarction model, onion extract (10 g/kg) significantly reduced the infarct size, the apoptotic cell death of the heart and the plasma MDA level. Conclusion In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the methanolic extract of onion attenuates ischemia/hypoxia-induced apoptosis in heart-derived H9c2 cells in vitro and in rat hearts in vivo, through, at least in part, an antioxidant effect.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1436-6207</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1436-6215</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00394-009-0007-0</identifier><identifier>PMID: 19234663</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Heidelberg: Heidelberg : D. Steinkopff-Verlag</publisher><subject>Animals ; Antioxidants - pharmacology ; Apoptosis - drug effects ; Biological and medical sciences ; Blotting, Western ; Caspase 3 - metabolism ; Cell Hypoxia - drug effects ; Chemistry ; Chemistry and Materials Science ; Coronary Vessels ; Cytochromes c - metabolism ; Feeding. Feeding behavior ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Humans ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Ischemia - drug therapy ; Malondialdehyde - blood ; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial - drug effects ; Myocytes, Cardiac - drug effects ; Myocytes, Cardiac - metabolism ; Nutrition ; Onions - chemistry ; Original Contribution ; Plant Extracts - pharmacology ; Rats ; Reactive Oxygen Species - metabolism ; Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems</subject><ispartof>European journal of nutrition, 2009-06, Vol.48 (4), p.235-242</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag 2009</rights><rights>2009 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c423t-3e5d43be57e170accb4ba4a935477fd0a04d77b0f8df01c0cf63263bbcec57023</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c423t-3e5d43be57e170accb4ba4a935477fd0a04d77b0f8df01c0cf63263bbcec57023</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00394-009-0007-0$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00394-009-0007-0$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=21753920$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19234663$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Park, Sok</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Mi-Young</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, Dong Ha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, Soo Hwan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Baik, Eun Joo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moon, Chang-Hyun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Park, Se Won</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ko, Eun Young</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oh, Sei-Ryang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jung, Yi-Sook</creatorcontrib><title>Methanolic extract of onion (Allium cepa) attenuates ischemia/hypoxia-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes via antioxidant effect</title><title>European journal of nutrition</title><addtitle>Eur J Nutr</addtitle><addtitle>Eur J Nutr</addtitle><description>Background Although there is growing awareness of the beneficial potential of onion intake to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, there is little information about the effect of onion on ischemic heart injury, one of the most common cardiovascular diseases. Aim of the study This study investigates the effect of the methanol-soluble extract of onion on ischemic injury in heart-derived H9c2 cells in vitro and in rat hearts in vivo. The underlying mechanism is also investigated. Methods To evaluate the effect of onion on ischemia-induced cell death, LDH release and TUNEL-positivity were assessed in H9c2 cells, and the infarct size was measured in a myocardial infarct model. To investigate the mechanism of the cardioprotection by onion, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were measured using an imaging technique; the caspase-3 activity was assayed, and Western blotting was performed to examine cytochrome c release in H9c2 cells. Results The methanolic extract of onion had a preventive effect on ischemia/hypoxia-induced apoptotic death in H9c2 cells in vitro and in rat heart in vivo. The onion extract (0.05 g/ml) inhibited the elevation of the ROS, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation during hypoxia in H9c2 cells. In the in vivo rat myocardial infarction model, onion extract (10 g/kg) significantly reduced the infarct size, the apoptotic cell death of the heart and the plasma MDA level. Conclusion In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the methanolic extract of onion attenuates ischemia/hypoxia-induced apoptosis in heart-derived H9c2 cells in vitro and in rat hearts in vivo, through, at least in part, an antioxidant effect.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antioxidants - pharmacology</subject><subject>Apoptosis - drug effects</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Blotting, Western</subject><subject>Caspase 3 - metabolism</subject><subject>Cell Hypoxia - drug effects</subject><subject>Chemistry</subject><subject>Chemistry and Materials Science</subject><subject>Coronary Vessels</subject><subject>Cytochromes c - metabolism</subject><subject>Feeding. Feeding behavior</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>In Situ Nick-End Labeling</subject><subject>Ischemia - drug therapy</subject><subject>Malondialdehyde - blood</subject><subject>Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial - drug effects</subject><subject>Myocytes, Cardiac - drug effects</subject><subject>Myocytes, Cardiac - metabolism</subject><subject>Nutrition</subject><subject>Onions - chemistry</subject><subject>Original Contribution</subject><subject>Plant Extracts - pharmacology</subject><subject>Rats</subject><subject>Reactive Oxygen Species - metabolism</subject><subject>Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems</subject><issn>1436-6207</issn><issn>1436-6215</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2009</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kc1u1TAQhSMEoqXwAGzAqgSCReg4duxmWVX8SUUsoGtr4ti9rhI72A7q3fHoOMpVK7FgYY2l-c6ZGZ2qeknhAwWQZwmAdbwG6MoDWcOj6phyJmrR0Pbx_R_kUfUspdvCNEzQp9UR7RrGhWDH1Z9vJu_Qh9FpYu5yRJ1JsCR4Fzx5dzGObpmINjO-J5iz8Qtmk4hLemcmh2e7_RzuHNbOD4s2A8E5zDkkVxBPNMbBhWkf9H4V_XZI0GdXBEOpxFhrdH5ePbE4JvPiUE-q608ff15-qa--f_56eXFVa96wXDPTDpz1ppWGSkCte94jx461XEo7AAIfpOzBng8WqAZtBWsE63ttdCvL3SfV2813juHXYlJWU7nCjCN6E5akhGRCAKUFPP0HvA1L9GU31VB-vkJdgegG6RhSisaqOboJ415RUGs2astGlWzUmo2Conl1MF76yQwPikMYBXhzADBpHG1Er1265xoqW9Y1q1Gzcam0_I2JDxv-b_rrTWQxKLyJxfj6RwOUARW8bYGzv8F9seU</recordid><startdate>20090601</startdate><enddate>20090601</enddate><creator>Park, Sok</creator><creator>Kim, Mi-Young</creator><creator>Lee, Dong Ha</creator><creator>Lee, Soo Hwan</creator><creator>Baik, Eun Joo</creator><creator>Moon, Chang-Hyun</creator><creator>Park, Se Won</creator><creator>Ko, Eun Young</creator><creator>Oh, Sei-Ryang</creator><creator>Jung, Yi-Sook</creator><general>Heidelberg : D. Steinkopff-Verlag</general><general>D. Steinkopff-Verlag</general><general>Springer</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7RQ</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9-</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0R</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20090601</creationdate><title>Methanolic extract of onion (Allium cepa) attenuates ischemia/hypoxia-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes via antioxidant effect</title><author>Park, Sok ; Kim, Mi-Young ; Lee, Dong Ha ; Lee, Soo Hwan ; Baik, Eun Joo ; Moon, Chang-Hyun ; Park, Se Won ; Ko, Eun Young ; Oh, Sei-Ryang ; Jung, Yi-Sook</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c423t-3e5d43be57e170accb4ba4a935477fd0a04d77b0f8df01c0cf63263bbcec57023</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2009</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Antioxidants - pharmacology</topic><topic>Apoptosis - drug effects</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Blotting, Western</topic><topic>Caspase 3 - metabolism</topic><topic>Cell Hypoxia - drug effects</topic><topic>Chemistry</topic><topic>Chemistry and Materials Science</topic><topic>Coronary Vessels</topic><topic>Cytochromes c - metabolism</topic><topic>Feeding. Feeding behavior</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>In Situ Nick-End Labeling</topic><topic>Ischemia - drug therapy</topic><topic>Malondialdehyde - blood</topic><topic>Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial - drug effects</topic><topic>Myocytes, Cardiac - drug effects</topic><topic>Myocytes, Cardiac - metabolism</topic><topic>Nutrition</topic><topic>Onions - chemistry</topic><topic>Original Contribution</topic><topic>Plant Extracts - pharmacology</topic><topic>Rats</topic><topic>Reactive Oxygen Species - metabolism</topic><topic>Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Park, Sok</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Mi-Young</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, Dong Ha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, Soo Hwan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Baik, Eun Joo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moon, Chang-Hyun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Park, Se Won</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ko, Eun Young</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oh, Sei-Ryang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jung, Yi-Sook</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Career & Technical Education Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>European journal of nutrition</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Park, Sok</au><au>Kim, Mi-Young</au><au>Lee, Dong Ha</au><au>Lee, Soo Hwan</au><au>Baik, Eun Joo</au><au>Moon, Chang-Hyun</au><au>Park, Se Won</au><au>Ko, Eun Young</au><au>Oh, Sei-Ryang</au><au>Jung, Yi-Sook</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Methanolic extract of onion (Allium cepa) attenuates ischemia/hypoxia-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes via antioxidant effect</atitle><jtitle>European journal of nutrition</jtitle><stitle>Eur J Nutr</stitle><addtitle>Eur J Nutr</addtitle><date>2009-06-01</date><risdate>2009</risdate><volume>48</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>235</spage><epage>242</epage><pages>235-242</pages><issn>1436-6207</issn><eissn>1436-6215</eissn><abstract>Background Although there is growing awareness of the beneficial potential of onion intake to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, there is little information about the effect of onion on ischemic heart injury, one of the most common cardiovascular diseases. Aim of the study This study investigates the effect of the methanol-soluble extract of onion on ischemic injury in heart-derived H9c2 cells in vitro and in rat hearts in vivo. The underlying mechanism is also investigated. Methods To evaluate the effect of onion on ischemia-induced cell death, LDH release and TUNEL-positivity were assessed in H9c2 cells, and the infarct size was measured in a myocardial infarct model. To investigate the mechanism of the cardioprotection by onion, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were measured using an imaging technique; the caspase-3 activity was assayed, and Western blotting was performed to examine cytochrome c release in H9c2 cells. Results The methanolic extract of onion had a preventive effect on ischemia/hypoxia-induced apoptotic death in H9c2 cells in vitro and in rat heart in vivo. The onion extract (0.05 g/ml) inhibited the elevation of the ROS, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation during hypoxia in H9c2 cells. In the in vivo rat myocardial infarction model, onion extract (10 g/kg) significantly reduced the infarct size, the apoptotic cell death of the heart and the plasma MDA level. Conclusion In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the methanolic extract of onion attenuates ischemia/hypoxia-induced apoptosis in heart-derived H9c2 cells in vitro and in rat hearts in vivo, through, at least in part, an antioxidant effect.</abstract><cop>Heidelberg</cop><pub>Heidelberg : D. Steinkopff-Verlag</pub><pmid>19234663</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00394-009-0007-0</doi><tpages>8</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Animals Antioxidants - pharmacology Apoptosis - drug effects Biological and medical sciences Blotting, Western Caspase 3 - metabolism Cell Hypoxia - drug effects Chemistry Chemistry and Materials Science Coronary Vessels Cytochromes c - metabolism Feeding. Feeding behavior Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Humans In Situ Nick-End Labeling Ischemia - drug therapy Malondialdehyde - blood Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial - drug effects Myocytes, Cardiac - drug effects Myocytes, Cardiac - metabolism Nutrition Onions - chemistry Original Contribution Plant Extracts - pharmacology Rats Reactive Oxygen Species - metabolism Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems |
| title | Methanolic extract of onion (Allium cepa) attenuates ischemia/hypoxia-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes via antioxidant effect |
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