Venous congestion induces mucosal apoptosis via tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated cell death in the rat small intestine

Tissue and organic venous congestion is a common pathophysiologic phenomenon. However, it is unclear whether venous congestion induces small-intestinal mucosal apoptosis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether venous congestion, or congestion followed by re-outflow, induced small-intestina...

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