Food web topology and parasites in the pelagic zone of a subarctic lake
1. Parasites permeate trophic webs with their often complex life cycles, but few studies have included parasitism in food web analyses. Here we provide a highly resolved food web from the pelagic zone of a subarctic lake and explore how the incorporation of parasites alters the topology of the web....
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| Veröffentlicht in: | The Journal of animal ecology 2009-05, Vol.78 (3), p.563-572 |
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| container_title | The Journal of animal ecology |
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| creator | Amundsen, Per-Arne Lafferty, Kevin D Knudsen, Rune Primicerio, Raul Klemetsen, Anders Kuris, Armand M |
| description | 1. Parasites permeate trophic webs with their often complex life cycles, but few studies have included parasitism in food web analyses. Here we provide a highly resolved food web from the pelagic zone of a subarctic lake and explore how the incorporation of parasites alters the topology of the web. 2. Parasites used hosts at all trophic levels and increased both food-chain lengths and the total number of trophic levels. Their inclusion in the network analyses more than doubled the number of links and resulted in an increase in important food-web characteristics such as linkage density and connectance. 3. More than half of the parasite taxa were trophically transmitted, exploiting hosts at multiple trophic levels and thus increasing the degree of omnivory in the trophic web. 4. For trophically transmitted parasites, the number of parasite-host links exhibited a positive correlation with the linkage density of the host species, whereas no such relationship was seen for nontrophically transmitted parasites. Our findings suggest that the linkage density of free-living species affects their exposure to trophically transmitted parasites, which may be more likely to adopt highly connected species as hosts during the evolution of complex life cycles. 5. The study supports a prominent role for parasites in ecological networks and demonstrates that their incorporation may substantially alter considerations of food-web structure and functioning. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01518.x |
| format | Article |
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Parasites permeate trophic webs with their often complex life cycles, but few studies have included parasitism in food web analyses. Here we provide a highly resolved food web from the pelagic zone of a subarctic lake and explore how the incorporation of parasites alters the topology of the web. 2. Parasites used hosts at all trophic levels and increased both food-chain lengths and the total number of trophic levels. Their inclusion in the network analyses more than doubled the number of links and resulted in an increase in important food-web characteristics such as linkage density and connectance. 3. More than half of the parasite taxa were trophically transmitted, exploiting hosts at multiple trophic levels and thus increasing the degree of omnivory in the trophic web. 4. For trophically transmitted parasites, the number of parasite-host links exhibited a positive correlation with the linkage density of the host species, whereas no such relationship was seen for nontrophically transmitted parasites. Our findings suggest that the linkage density of free-living species affects their exposure to trophically transmitted parasites, which may be more likely to adopt highly connected species as hosts during the evolution of complex life cycles. 5. The study supports a prominent role for parasites in ecological networks and demonstrates that their incorporation may substantially alter considerations of food-web structure and functioning.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0021-8790</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1365-2656</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01518.x</identifier><identifier>PMID: 19175443</identifier><identifier>CODEN: JAECAP</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford, UK: Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Animal and plant ecology ; Animal ecology ; Animal, plant and microbial ecology ; Animals ; Biological and medical sciences ; Biological taxonomies ; Birds - physiology ; Community Ecology ; connectance ; ecological networks ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Fishes - parasitology ; Food Chain ; Food chains ; Food webs ; Fresh Water ; Fresh water ecosystems ; Freshwater ecology ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; General aspects ; Invertebrates - parasitology ; Lakes ; Life cycles ; linkage density ; Parasite hosts ; Parasites ; Parasites - physiology ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal - transmission ; Parasitism ; Predators ; Seasons ; Synecology ; Trophic levels ; trophic transmission</subject><ispartof>The Journal of animal ecology, 2009-05, Vol.78 (3), p.563-572</ispartof><rights>Copyright 2009 British Ecological Society</rights><rights>2009 The Authors. 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Parasites permeate trophic webs with their often complex life cycles, but few studies have included parasitism in food web analyses. Here we provide a highly resolved food web from the pelagic zone of a subarctic lake and explore how the incorporation of parasites alters the topology of the web. 2. Parasites used hosts at all trophic levels and increased both food-chain lengths and the total number of trophic levels. Their inclusion in the network analyses more than doubled the number of links and resulted in an increase in important food-web characteristics such as linkage density and connectance. 3. More than half of the parasite taxa were trophically transmitted, exploiting hosts at multiple trophic levels and thus increasing the degree of omnivory in the trophic web. 4. For trophically transmitted parasites, the number of parasite-host links exhibited a positive correlation with the linkage density of the host species, whereas no such relationship was seen for nontrophically transmitted parasites. Our findings suggest that the linkage density of free-living species affects their exposure to trophically transmitted parasites, which may be more likely to adopt highly connected species as hosts during the evolution of complex life cycles. 5. The study supports a prominent role for parasites in ecological networks and demonstrates that their incorporation may substantially alter considerations of food-web structure and functioning.</description><subject>Animal and plant ecology</subject><subject>Animal ecology</subject><subject>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Biological taxonomies</subject><subject>Birds - physiology</subject><subject>Community Ecology</subject><subject>connectance</subject><subject>ecological networks</subject><subject>Ecology</subject><subject>Ecosystem</subject><subject>Fishes - parasitology</subject><subject>Food Chain</subject><subject>Food chains</subject><subject>Food webs</subject><subject>Fresh Water</subject><subject>Fresh water ecosystems</subject><subject>Freshwater ecology</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>General aspects</subject><subject>Invertebrates - parasitology</subject><subject>Lakes</subject><subject>Life cycles</subject><subject>linkage density</subject><subject>Parasite hosts</subject><subject>Parasites</subject><subject>Parasites - physiology</subject><subject>Parasitic Diseases, Animal - transmission</subject><subject>Parasitism</subject><subject>Predators</subject><subject>Seasons</subject><subject>Synecology</subject><subject>Trophic levels</subject><subject>trophic transmission</subject><issn>0021-8790</issn><issn>1365-2656</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2009</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkUFv1DAQhS0EokvhJwAWEtwSZuzE9l6QqqotoAoO0LPldZwlIRundqJ2--vrkFUrcQFfbPl98zyeRwhFyDGtj22OXJQZE6XIGYDKAUtU-e0TsnoQnpIVAMNMyTUckRcxtgAgGfDn5AjXKMui4Ctyce59RW_cho5-8J3f7qnpKzqYYGIzukibno6_HB1cZ7aNpXe-d9TX1NA4bUywY7rrzG_3kjyrTRfdq8N-TK7Oz36efs4uv198OT25zKxApbKacScNV-u1EUIxIXhtgKNyKAUvOZc1QM0lK7ndWFcpVaNVJVTSgqiwAH5MPiy-Q_DXk4uj3jXRuq4zvfNT1EIil2Wq_xfIIA1AFDKB7_4CWz-FPn1Cs_lFxmF2Uwtkg48xuFoPodmZsNcIeo5Et3qevJ4nr-dI9J9I9G0qfXPwnzY7Vz0WHjJIwPsDYKI1XR1Mb5v4wDHkUAice_i0cDdN5_b_3YD-evLtbD4mg9eLQRtHHx4fkGItCsCkv1302nhttiE1cfWDJQFQIJMF8ns8S7Z-</recordid><startdate>200905</startdate><enddate>200905</enddate><creator>Amundsen, Per-Arne</creator><creator>Lafferty, Kevin D</creator><creator>Knudsen, Rune</creator><creator>Primicerio, Raul</creator><creator>Klemetsen, Anders</creator><creator>Kuris, Armand M</creator><general>Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Blackwell Publishing</general><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Blackwell</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>200905</creationdate><title>Food web topology and parasites in the pelagic zone of a subarctic lake</title><author>Amundsen, Per-Arne ; Lafferty, Kevin D ; Knudsen, Rune ; Primicerio, Raul ; Klemetsen, Anders ; Kuris, Armand M</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c6188-f23e7a3899a6682663fa0318e17635337f00f37253cbced88f1c850d7c06d1403</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2009</creationdate><topic>Animal and plant ecology</topic><topic>Animal ecology</topic><topic>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Biological taxonomies</topic><topic>Birds - physiology</topic><topic>Community Ecology</topic><topic>connectance</topic><topic>ecological networks</topic><topic>Ecology</topic><topic>Ecosystem</topic><topic>Fishes - parasitology</topic><topic>Food Chain</topic><topic>Food chains</topic><topic>Food webs</topic><topic>Fresh Water</topic><topic>Fresh water ecosystems</topic><topic>Freshwater ecology</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>General aspects</topic><topic>Invertebrates - parasitology</topic><topic>Lakes</topic><topic>Life cycles</topic><topic>linkage density</topic><topic>Parasite hosts</topic><topic>Parasites</topic><topic>Parasites - physiology</topic><topic>Parasitic Diseases, Animal - transmission</topic><topic>Parasitism</topic><topic>Predators</topic><topic>Seasons</topic><topic>Synecology</topic><topic>Trophic levels</topic><topic>trophic transmission</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Amundsen, Per-Arne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lafferty, Kevin D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Knudsen, Rune</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Primicerio, Raul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Klemetsen, Anders</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kuris, Armand M</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>The Journal of animal ecology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Amundsen, Per-Arne</au><au>Lafferty, Kevin D</au><au>Knudsen, Rune</au><au>Primicerio, Raul</au><au>Klemetsen, Anders</au><au>Kuris, Armand M</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Food web topology and parasites in the pelagic zone of a subarctic lake</atitle><jtitle>The Journal of animal ecology</jtitle><addtitle>J Anim Ecol</addtitle><date>2009-05</date><risdate>2009</risdate><volume>78</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>563</spage><epage>572</epage><pages>563-572</pages><issn>0021-8790</issn><eissn>1365-2656</eissn><coden>JAECAP</coden><abstract>1. Parasites permeate trophic webs with their often complex life cycles, but few studies have included parasitism in food web analyses. Here we provide a highly resolved food web from the pelagic zone of a subarctic lake and explore how the incorporation of parasites alters the topology of the web. 2. Parasites used hosts at all trophic levels and increased both food-chain lengths and the total number of trophic levels. Their inclusion in the network analyses more than doubled the number of links and resulted in an increase in important food-web characteristics such as linkage density and connectance. 3. More than half of the parasite taxa were trophically transmitted, exploiting hosts at multiple trophic levels and thus increasing the degree of omnivory in the trophic web. 4. For trophically transmitted parasites, the number of parasite-host links exhibited a positive correlation with the linkage density of the host species, whereas no such relationship was seen for nontrophically transmitted parasites. Our findings suggest that the linkage density of free-living species affects their exposure to trophically transmitted parasites, which may be more likely to adopt highly connected species as hosts during the evolution of complex life cycles. 5. The study supports a prominent role for parasites in ecological networks and demonstrates that their incorporation may substantially alter considerations of food-web structure and functioning.</abstract><cop>Oxford, UK</cop><pub>Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>19175443</pmid><doi>10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01518.x</doi><tpages>10</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Animal and plant ecology Animal ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Animals Biological and medical sciences Biological taxonomies Birds - physiology Community Ecology connectance ecological networks Ecology Ecosystem Fishes - parasitology Food Chain Food chains Food webs Fresh Water Fresh water ecosystems Freshwater ecology Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects Invertebrates - parasitology Lakes Life cycles linkage density Parasite hosts Parasites Parasites - physiology Parasitic Diseases, Animal - transmission Parasitism Predators Seasons Synecology Trophic levels trophic transmission |
| title | Food web topology and parasites in the pelagic zone of a subarctic lake |
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