The influence of cortical maturation on the BOLD response: An fMRI study of visual cortex in children
We performed blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional MR imaging in 11 children younger than 5 y of age and 10 children older than 5 y of age. All but five of the children in the older age group were tested under light anesthesia. We examined the cerebral oxidative metabolism (CMRO(2)) as...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Pediatric research 2004-12, Vol.56 (6), p.967-974 |
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description | We performed blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional MR imaging in 11 children younger than 5 y of age and 10 children older than 5 y of age. All but five of the children in the older age group were tested under light anesthesia. We examined the cerebral oxidative metabolism (CMRO(2)) associated with the processing of a flashed and a reversing checkerboard stimulus. These stimuli had been shown in a previous study to induce identical vascular responses. The reversing checkerboard activated twice the neuronal population of the flashed checkerboard, doubling the CMRO(2) associated with it. We compared the extent of activation for the positive BOLD response and found that it did not differ between the different age groups. We estimated the oxidative metabolism by examining the change in the local deoxyhemoglobin (HbR) concentration using Delta R2*. Because both stimuli induced the same vascular response, any increase in oxygen requirement would have to be met by the identical blood volume. Increasing CMRO(2) will therefore result in an increase in the oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), which raises the local HbR concentration. In the younger children, both checkerboard stimuli produced identical, high HbR concentrations. In the older children, the HbR concentration to the flashed stimulus was significantly lower than to the reversing stimulus. We conclude that, for identical stimuli, the oxidative energy requirement associated with the cortical processing is higher in young children than in older children because the presence of superfluous synaptic connections in the immature visual system activates a larger neuronal population. |
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All but five of the children in the older age group were tested under light anesthesia. We examined the cerebral oxidative metabolism (CMRO(2)) associated with the processing of a flashed and a reversing checkerboard stimulus. These stimuli had been shown in a previous study to induce identical vascular responses. The reversing checkerboard activated twice the neuronal population of the flashed checkerboard, doubling the CMRO(2) associated with it. We compared the extent of activation for the positive BOLD response and found that it did not differ between the different age groups. We estimated the oxidative metabolism by examining the change in the local deoxyhemoglobin (HbR) concentration using Delta R2*. Because both stimuli induced the same vascular response, any increase in oxygen requirement would have to be met by the identical blood volume. Increasing CMRO(2) will therefore result in an increase in the oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), which raises the local HbR concentration. In the younger children, both checkerboard stimuli produced identical, high HbR concentrations. In the older children, the HbR concentration to the flashed stimulus was significantly lower than to the reversing stimulus. We conclude that, for identical stimuli, the oxidative energy requirement associated with the cortical processing is higher in young children than in older children because the presence of superfluous synaptic connections in the immature visual system activates a larger neuronal population.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0031-3998</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1530-0447</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000145296.24669.a5</identifier><identifier>PMID: 15531742</identifier><identifier>CODEN: PEREBL</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</publisher><subject>Biological and medical sciences ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; General aspects ; Humans ; Infant ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Oxygen - blood ; Visual Cortex - growth & development ; Visual Cortex - physiology ; Visual Perception - physiology</subject><ispartof>Pediatric research, 2004-12, Vol.56 (6), p.967-974</ispartof><rights>2005 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c463t-7fcefa8a2c70e3a1f6125cc437900999fd49d2ea1f09c81ed0f44540e2fb179a3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c463t-7fcefa8a2c70e3a1f6125cc437900999fd49d2ea1f09c81ed0f44540e2fb179a3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,777,781,27905,27906</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=16311704$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15531742$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>MARCAR, Valentine L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>STRÄSSLE, Andrea E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>LOENNEKER, Thomas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>SCHWARZ, Uwe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MARTIN, Ernst</creatorcontrib><title>The influence of cortical maturation on the BOLD response: An fMRI study of visual cortex in children</title><title>Pediatric research</title><addtitle>Pediatr Res</addtitle><description>We performed blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional MR imaging in 11 children younger than 5 y of age and 10 children older than 5 y of age. All but five of the children in the older age group were tested under light anesthesia. We examined the cerebral oxidative metabolism (CMRO(2)) associated with the processing of a flashed and a reversing checkerboard stimulus. These stimuli had been shown in a previous study to induce identical vascular responses. The reversing checkerboard activated twice the neuronal population of the flashed checkerboard, doubling the CMRO(2) associated with it. We compared the extent of activation for the positive BOLD response and found that it did not differ between the different age groups. We estimated the oxidative metabolism by examining the change in the local deoxyhemoglobin (HbR) concentration using Delta R2*. Because both stimuli induced the same vascular response, any increase in oxygen requirement would have to be met by the identical blood volume. Increasing CMRO(2) will therefore result in an increase in the oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), which raises the local HbR concentration. In the younger children, both checkerboard stimuli produced identical, high HbR concentrations. In the older children, the HbR concentration to the flashed stimulus was significantly lower than to the reversing stimulus. We conclude that, for identical stimuli, the oxidative energy requirement associated with the cortical processing is higher in young children than in older children because the presence of superfluous synaptic connections in the immature visual system activates a larger neuronal population.</description><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Cerebrovascular Circulation</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>General aspects</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infant</subject><subject>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Oxygen - blood</subject><subject>Visual Cortex - growth & development</subject><subject>Visual Cortex - physiology</subject><subject>Visual Perception - physiology</subject><issn>0031-3998</issn><issn>1530-0447</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2004</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNpFkF1LwzAUhoMoOqd_QYKgd63nNGm7eDfn12CiiF6HmJ5gpWtn0or-ezMd7BA4F3ne98DD2ClCihmIC8B0VfkU4qDMM1WkmSwKlZp8h40wF5CAlOUuGwEITIRSkwN2GMLHHz6R--wA81xgKbMRo5d34nXrmoFaS7xz3Ha-r61p-NL0gzd93bU8vj5yV4-La-4prLo20CWfttw9PM956IfqZx39qsMQg-sG-o6t3L7XTeWpPWJ7zjSBjjd7zF5vb15m98ni8W4-my4SKwvRJ6Wz5MzEZLYEEgZdgVlurRSlAlBKuUqqKqP4AcpOkCpwUuYSKHNvWCojxuz8v3flu8-BQq-XdbDUNKalbgi6KFFIoYoIXv6D1ncheHJ65eul8T8aQa8la0D9dP2st5L1n2Q9zWP4ZHNleFtStY1urEbgbAOYEE06b1pbhy1XCMQSpPgFP62F7w</recordid><startdate>20041201</startdate><enddate>20041201</enddate><creator>MARCAR, Valentine L</creator><creator>STRÄSSLE, Andrea E</creator><creator>LOENNEKER, Thomas</creator><creator>SCHWARZ, Uwe</creator><creator>MARTIN, Ernst</creator><general>Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20041201</creationdate><title>The influence of cortical maturation on the BOLD response: An fMRI study of visual cortex in children</title><author>MARCAR, Valentine L ; STRÄSSLE, Andrea E ; LOENNEKER, Thomas ; SCHWARZ, Uwe ; MARTIN, Ernst</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c463t-7fcefa8a2c70e3a1f6125cc437900999fd49d2ea1f09c81ed0f44540e2fb179a3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2004</creationdate><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Cerebrovascular Circulation</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Child, Preschool</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>General aspects</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Infant</topic><topic>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Oxygen - blood</topic><topic>Visual Cortex - growth & development</topic><topic>Visual Cortex - physiology</topic><topic>Visual Perception - physiology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>MARCAR, Valentine L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>STRÄSSLE, Andrea E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>LOENNEKER, Thomas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>SCHWARZ, Uwe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MARTIN, Ernst</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Pediatric research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>MARCAR, Valentine L</au><au>STRÄSSLE, Andrea E</au><au>LOENNEKER, Thomas</au><au>SCHWARZ, Uwe</au><au>MARTIN, Ernst</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The influence of cortical maturation on the BOLD response: An fMRI study of visual cortex in children</atitle><jtitle>Pediatric research</jtitle><addtitle>Pediatr Res</addtitle><date>2004-12-01</date><risdate>2004</risdate><volume>56</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>967</spage><epage>974</epage><pages>967-974</pages><issn>0031-3998</issn><eissn>1530-0447</eissn><coden>PEREBL</coden><abstract>We performed blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional MR imaging in 11 children younger than 5 y of age and 10 children older than 5 y of age. All but five of the children in the older age group were tested under light anesthesia. We examined the cerebral oxidative metabolism (CMRO(2)) associated with the processing of a flashed and a reversing checkerboard stimulus. These stimuli had been shown in a previous study to induce identical vascular responses. The reversing checkerboard activated twice the neuronal population of the flashed checkerboard, doubling the CMRO(2) associated with it. We compared the extent of activation for the positive BOLD response and found that it did not differ between the different age groups. We estimated the oxidative metabolism by examining the change in the local deoxyhemoglobin (HbR) concentration using Delta R2*. Because both stimuli induced the same vascular response, any increase in oxygen requirement would have to be met by the identical blood volume. Increasing CMRO(2) will therefore result in an increase in the oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), which raises the local HbR concentration. In the younger children, both checkerboard stimuli produced identical, high HbR concentrations. In the older children, the HbR concentration to the flashed stimulus was significantly lower than to the reversing stimulus. We conclude that, for identical stimuli, the oxidative energy requirement associated with the cortical processing is higher in young children than in older children because the presence of superfluous synaptic connections in the immature visual system activates a larger neuronal population.</abstract><cop>Hagerstown, MD</cop><pub>Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</pub><pmid>15531742</pmid><doi>10.1203/01.pdr.0000145296.24669.a5</doi><tpages>8</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Biological and medical sciences Cerebrovascular Circulation Child Child, Preschool Female General aspects Humans Infant Magnetic Resonance Imaging Male Medical sciences Oxygen - blood Visual Cortex - growth & development Visual Cortex - physiology Visual Perception - physiology |
title | The influence of cortical maturation on the BOLD response: An fMRI study of visual cortex in children |
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