Risk factors for the metabolic syndrome. The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, 1985-2001
The aim of this study was to describe the association of the metabolic syndrome with demographic characteristics and to identify modifiable risk factors for development of the metabolic syndrome. Men and women (55%) aged 18-30 years from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA)...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Diabetes care 2004-11, Vol.27 (11), p.2707-2715 |
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| creator | CARNETHON, Mercedes R LORIA, Catherine M HILL, James O SIDNEY, Stephen SAVAGE, Peter J LIU, Kiang |
| description | The aim of this study was to describe the association of the metabolic syndrome with demographic characteristics and to identify modifiable risk factors for development of the metabolic syndrome.
Men and women (55%) aged 18-30 years from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study without the metabolic syndrome at baseline (n = 4,192, 49% black) were followed-up from 1985 to 2001. Incident metabolic syndrome, defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, was ascertained 7, 10, and 15 years after baseline. Risk factors were measured via clinical examination and standardized questionnaires.
The age-adjusted rate of metabolic syndrome was 10 per 1,000 person-years (n = 575). Metabolic syndrome risk increased with age and was higher among black participants and those with less than a high school education. Higher baseline BMI, no alcohol intake (versus one to three drinks per day), higher intake of dietary carbohydrates, and lower intake of crude fiber were each associated with an increased risk for the metabolic syndrome (relative risk [RR] ranging from 1.3 to 1.9), and physical activity was protective (RR 0.84 [95% CI 0.76-0.92]). In models adjusting simultaneously for all factors, black participants and women were less likely to develop metabolic syndrome. Risk for metabolic syndrome increased 23% (20-27%) per 4.5 kg (10 lb) of weight gained, whereas regular physical activity over time versus low activity was protective (RR 0.49 [0.34-0.70]).
BMI and weight gain are important risk factors for the metabolic syndrome. Regular physical activity may counter this risk. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.2337/diacare.27.11.2707 |
| format | Article |
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Men and women (55%) aged 18-30 years from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study without the metabolic syndrome at baseline (n = 4,192, 49% black) were followed-up from 1985 to 2001. Incident metabolic syndrome, defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, was ascertained 7, 10, and 15 years after baseline. Risk factors were measured via clinical examination and standardized questionnaires.
The age-adjusted rate of metabolic syndrome was 10 per 1,000 person-years (n = 575). Metabolic syndrome risk increased with age and was higher among black participants and those with less than a high school education. Higher baseline BMI, no alcohol intake (versus one to three drinks per day), higher intake of dietary carbohydrates, and lower intake of crude fiber were each associated with an increased risk for the metabolic syndrome (relative risk [RR] ranging from 1.3 to 1.9), and physical activity was protective (RR 0.84 [95% CI 0.76-0.92]). In models adjusting simultaneously for all factors, black participants and women were less likely to develop metabolic syndrome. Risk for metabolic syndrome increased 23% (20-27%) per 4.5 kg (10 lb) of weight gained, whereas regular physical activity over time versus low activity was protective (RR 0.49 [0.34-0.70]).
BMI and weight gain are important risk factors for the metabolic syndrome. Regular physical activity may counter this risk.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0149-5992</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1935-5548</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.2337/diacare.27.11.2707</identifier><identifier>PMID: 15505009</identifier><identifier>CODEN: DICAD2</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association</publisher><subject>Adult ; African Americans ; Aging ; Biological and medical sciences ; Body Mass Index ; Cardiovascular disease ; Coronary heart disease ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Demographics ; Diabetes. Impaired glucose tolerance ; Dietary Carbohydrates - administration & dosage ; Dietary Fiber - administration & dosage ; Endocrine pancreas. Apud cells (diseases) ; Endocrinopathies ; Etiopathogenesis. Screening. Investigations. Target tissue resistance ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Health risk assessment ; Humans ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Metabolic diseases ; Metabolic Syndrome - etiology ; Metabolic Syndrome - prevention & control ; Metabolic syndrome X ; Miscellaneous ; Models, Statistical ; Motor Activity ; Other metabolic disorders ; Physical fitness ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Risk ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Weight Gain</subject><ispartof>Diabetes care, 2004-11, Vol.27 (11), p.2707-2715</ispartof><rights>2005 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2004 American Diabetes Association</rights><rights>Copyright American Diabetes Association Nov 2004</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=16245175$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15505009$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>CARNETHON, Mercedes R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>LORIA, Catherine M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>HILL, James O</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>SIDNEY, Stephen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>SAVAGE, Peter J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>LIU, Kiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study</creatorcontrib><title>Risk factors for the metabolic syndrome. The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, 1985-2001</title><title>Diabetes care</title><addtitle>Diabetes Care</addtitle><description>The aim of this study was to describe the association of the metabolic syndrome with demographic characteristics and to identify modifiable risk factors for development of the metabolic syndrome.
Men and women (55%) aged 18-30 years from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study without the metabolic syndrome at baseline (n = 4,192, 49% black) were followed-up from 1985 to 2001. Incident metabolic syndrome, defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, was ascertained 7, 10, and 15 years after baseline. Risk factors were measured via clinical examination and standardized questionnaires.
The age-adjusted rate of metabolic syndrome was 10 per 1,000 person-years (n = 575). Metabolic syndrome risk increased with age and was higher among black participants and those with less than a high school education. Higher baseline BMI, no alcohol intake (versus one to three drinks per day), higher intake of dietary carbohydrates, and lower intake of crude fiber were each associated with an increased risk for the metabolic syndrome (relative risk [RR] ranging from 1.3 to 1.9), and physical activity was protective (RR 0.84 [95% CI 0.76-0.92]). In models adjusting simultaneously for all factors, black participants and women were less likely to develop metabolic syndrome. Risk for metabolic syndrome increased 23% (20-27%) per 4.5 kg (10 lb) of weight gained, whereas regular physical activity over time versus low activity was protective (RR 0.49 [0.34-0.70]).
BMI and weight gain are important risk factors for the metabolic syndrome. Regular physical activity may counter this risk.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>African Americans</subject><subject>Aging</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Body Mass Index</subject><subject>Cardiovascular disease</subject><subject>Coronary heart disease</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Demographics</subject><subject>Diabetes. Impaired glucose tolerance</subject><subject>Dietary Carbohydrates - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Dietary Fiber - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Endocrine pancreas. Apud cells (diseases)</subject><subject>Endocrinopathies</subject><subject>Etiopathogenesis. Screening. Investigations. Target tissue resistance</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Follow-Up Studies</subject><subject>Health risk assessment</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Metabolic diseases</subject><subject>Metabolic Syndrome - etiology</subject><subject>Metabolic Syndrome - prevention & control</subject><subject>Metabolic syndrome X</subject><subject>Miscellaneous</subject><subject>Models, Statistical</subject><subject>Motor Activity</subject><subject>Other metabolic disorders</subject><subject>Physical fitness</subject><subject>Predictive Value of Tests</subject><subject>Risk</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Sex Factors</subject><subject>Weight Gain</subject><issn>0149-5992</issn><issn>1935-5548</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2004</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>BEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNptkW9rFDEQxoMo9qx-AV9IEBQF98zkz-3m5XKtWigIpb7w1ZLNzp6pu8k1ySr37RvsiSBlYIYZfvMwPEPIS2BrLkT9cXDGmohrXq8BSmb1I7ICLVSllGwekxUDqSulNT8hz1K6YYxJ2TRPyQkoxRRjekV-X7n0k47G5hATHUOk-QfSGbPpw-QsTQc_xDDjml6X-TbE4E080DZmLOXP8hn-winsZ_SZOk-_h8XvaDssU0703ba9Orto39OUl-HwgYJuVMUZg-fkyWimhC-O9ZR8-3R-vf1SXX79fLFtL6udkJAr3dea81FayZpBsBrkprH9yOwgsWbGMDaCtL0SuBFGayhdb0wNdQNWGA7ilLy9193HcLtgyt3sksVpMh7DkrpNzQCKagFf_wfehCX6clvHuShuNcALVN1DOzNh5_wYcjR2hx6jmYLH0ZVxC1wV44vFhV8_wJcYcHb2wYVXxyuWfsah20c3F7-7vw8rwJsjYJI10xiNty794zZcKqiVuANtW6IH</recordid><startdate>20041101</startdate><enddate>20041101</enddate><creator>CARNETHON, Mercedes R</creator><creator>LORIA, Catherine M</creator><creator>HILL, James O</creator><creator>SIDNEY, Stephen</creator><creator>SAVAGE, Peter J</creator><creator>LIU, Kiang</creator><general>American Diabetes Association</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AF</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AN0</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9-</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0R</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M0T</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PHGZM</scope><scope>PHGZT</scope><scope>PJZUB</scope><scope>PKEHL</scope><scope>PPXIY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>S0X</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20041101</creationdate><title>Risk factors for the metabolic syndrome. The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, 1985-2001</title><author>CARNETHON, Mercedes R ; LORIA, Catherine M ; HILL, James O ; SIDNEY, Stephen ; SAVAGE, Peter J ; LIU, Kiang</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-g341t-9b7922f4c408d3071468cbf0cd4e70aa00f14cb53e63a991f14baa71781c3a213</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2004</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>African Americans</topic><topic>Aging</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Body Mass Index</topic><topic>Cardiovascular disease</topic><topic>Coronary heart disease</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Demographics</topic><topic>Diabetes. Impaired glucose tolerance</topic><topic>Dietary Carbohydrates - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Dietary Fiber - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Endocrine pancreas. Apud cells (diseases)</topic><topic>Endocrinopathies</topic><topic>Etiopathogenesis. Screening. Investigations. Target tissue resistance</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Follow-Up Studies</topic><topic>Health risk assessment</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Metabolic diseases</topic><topic>Metabolic Syndrome - etiology</topic><topic>Metabolic Syndrome - prevention & control</topic><topic>Metabolic syndrome X</topic><topic>Miscellaneous</topic><topic>Models, Statistical</topic><topic>Motor Activity</topic><topic>Other metabolic disorders</topic><topic>Physical fitness</topic><topic>Predictive Value of Tests</topic><topic>Risk</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Sex Factors</topic><topic>Weight Gain</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>CARNETHON, Mercedes R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>LORIA, Catherine M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>HILL, James O</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>SIDNEY, Stephen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>SAVAGE, Peter J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>LIU, Kiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>STEM Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>British Nursing Database</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>eLibrary</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection (ProQuest)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Healthcare Administration Database</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (New)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic (New)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Health & Nursing</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>SIRS Editorial</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Diabetes care</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>CARNETHON, Mercedes R</au><au>LORIA, Catherine M</au><au>HILL, James O</au><au>SIDNEY, Stephen</au><au>SAVAGE, Peter J</au><au>LIU, Kiang</au><aucorp>Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Risk factors for the metabolic syndrome. The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, 1985-2001</atitle><jtitle>Diabetes care</jtitle><addtitle>Diabetes Care</addtitle><date>2004-11-01</date><risdate>2004</risdate><volume>27</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>2707</spage><epage>2715</epage><pages>2707-2715</pages><issn>0149-5992</issn><eissn>1935-5548</eissn><coden>DICAD2</coden><abstract>The aim of this study was to describe the association of the metabolic syndrome with demographic characteristics and to identify modifiable risk factors for development of the metabolic syndrome.
Men and women (55%) aged 18-30 years from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study without the metabolic syndrome at baseline (n = 4,192, 49% black) were followed-up from 1985 to 2001. Incident metabolic syndrome, defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, was ascertained 7, 10, and 15 years after baseline. Risk factors were measured via clinical examination and standardized questionnaires.
The age-adjusted rate of metabolic syndrome was 10 per 1,000 person-years (n = 575). Metabolic syndrome risk increased with age and was higher among black participants and those with less than a high school education. Higher baseline BMI, no alcohol intake (versus one to three drinks per day), higher intake of dietary carbohydrates, and lower intake of crude fiber were each associated with an increased risk for the metabolic syndrome (relative risk [RR] ranging from 1.3 to 1.9), and physical activity was protective (RR 0.84 [95% CI 0.76-0.92]). In models adjusting simultaneously for all factors, black participants and women were less likely to develop metabolic syndrome. Risk for metabolic syndrome increased 23% (20-27%) per 4.5 kg (10 lb) of weight gained, whereas regular physical activity over time versus low activity was protective (RR 0.49 [0.34-0.70]).
BMI and weight gain are important risk factors for the metabolic syndrome. Regular physical activity may counter this risk.</abstract><cop>Alexandria, VA</cop><pub>American Diabetes Association</pub><pmid>15505009</pmid><doi>10.2337/diacare.27.11.2707</doi><tpages>9</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Diabetes care, 2004-11, Vol.27 (11), p.2707-2715 |
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| source | MEDLINE; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals |
| subjects | Adult African Americans Aging Biological and medical sciences Body Mass Index Cardiovascular disease Coronary heart disease Cross-Sectional Studies Demographics Diabetes. Impaired glucose tolerance Dietary Carbohydrates - administration & dosage Dietary Fiber - administration & dosage Endocrine pancreas. Apud cells (diseases) Endocrinopathies Etiopathogenesis. Screening. Investigations. Target tissue resistance Female Follow-Up Studies Health risk assessment Humans Male Medical sciences Metabolic diseases Metabolic Syndrome - etiology Metabolic Syndrome - prevention & control Metabolic syndrome X Miscellaneous Models, Statistical Motor Activity Other metabolic disorders Physical fitness Predictive Value of Tests Risk Risk Factors Sex Factors Weight Gain |
| title | Risk factors for the metabolic syndrome. The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, 1985-2001 |
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