Nicotine serves as an effective reinforcer of intravenous drug-taking behavior in human cigarette smokers
Although numerous studies have documented that nicotine can function as an effective reinforcer of intravenous self-administration behavior in animals, it has not been clearly shown to maintain intravenous self-administration behavior above vehicle placebo levels in humans. To compare the reinforcin...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Psychopharmacologia 2004-09, Vol.175 (2), p.134-142 |
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| container_title | Psychopharmacologia |
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| creator | HARVEY, Deon M YASAR, Sevil HEISHMAN, Stephen J PANLILIO, Leigh V HENNINGFIELD, Jack E GOLDBERG, Steven R |
| description | Although numerous studies have documented that nicotine can function as an effective reinforcer of intravenous self-administration behavior in animals, it has not been clearly shown to maintain intravenous self-administration behavior above vehicle placebo levels in humans.
To compare the reinforcing effectiveness of nicotine versus saline placebo in human research volunteers responding under fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of intravenous drug self-administration while systematically increasing response requirements.
Eight male cigarette smokers resided in an inpatient research unit. During 3-h sessions, intravenous injections of nicotine and saline were available concurrently and were contingent on responding (pulling a lever). Nicotine dose (0.75, 1.5, 3.0 mg/injection), time out (TO) value after each injection (1-20 min) and FR response requirement (10-1600) were varied in different subjects over consecutive sessions.
Number of nicotine injections/session significantly decreased as dose/injection increased and the number of self-administered nicotine injections was significantly greater than the number of self-administered saline injections across conditions. When FR value was progressively increased over sessions, response rates for nicotine, but not saline, injections increased, with maximal rates at the highest FR values. Rates of responding and injections/session were markedly and significantly higher for nicotine than for saline at FR values of 200 and above. Subjects rated effects of nicotine as both significantly more positive and more negative than saline placebo, with positive ratings significantly higher than negative ratings.
Nicotine functioned as a prototypic drug of abuse, serving as an effective reinforcer of intravenous drug-taking behavior in human cigarette smokers. Subjects adjusted their responding to response requirements in a way that maintained relatively constant levels of nicotine injections per session. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00213-004-1818-6 |
| format | Article |
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To compare the reinforcing effectiveness of nicotine versus saline placebo in human research volunteers responding under fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of intravenous drug self-administration while systematically increasing response requirements.
Eight male cigarette smokers resided in an inpatient research unit. During 3-h sessions, intravenous injections of nicotine and saline were available concurrently and were contingent on responding (pulling a lever). Nicotine dose (0.75, 1.5, 3.0 mg/injection), time out (TO) value after each injection (1-20 min) and FR response requirement (10-1600) were varied in different subjects over consecutive sessions.
Number of nicotine injections/session significantly decreased as dose/injection increased and the number of self-administered nicotine injections was significantly greater than the number of self-administered saline injections across conditions. When FR value was progressively increased over sessions, response rates for nicotine, but not saline, injections increased, with maximal rates at the highest FR values. Rates of responding and injections/session were markedly and significantly higher for nicotine than for saline at FR values of 200 and above. Subjects rated effects of nicotine as both significantly more positive and more negative than saline placebo, with positive ratings significantly higher than negative ratings.
Nicotine functioned as a prototypic drug of abuse, serving as an effective reinforcer of intravenous drug-taking behavior in human cigarette smokers. Subjects adjusted their responding to response requirements in a way that maintained relatively constant levels of nicotine injections per session.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0033-3158</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1432-2072</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00213-004-1818-6</identifier><identifier>PMID: 14997277</identifier><identifier>CODEN: PSYPAG</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin: Springer</publisher><subject>Adult ; Behavior - drug effects ; Biological and medical sciences ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Ganglionic Stimulants - administration & dosage ; Ganglionic Stimulants - pharmacology ; Humans ; Injections, Intravenous ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Middle Aged ; Neuropharmacology ; Nicotine - administration & dosage ; Nicotine - pharmacology ; Pharmacology. Drug treatments ; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry ; Psychology. Psychophysiology ; Self Administration ; Smoking</subject><ispartof>Psychopharmacologia, 2004-09, Vol.175 (2), p.134-142</ispartof><rights>2004 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright Springer-Verlag 2004</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c385t-dcc03f85667e20d9b17fb52a87b02e4dde9c96fb612397704717d6339766f9aa3</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=16083330$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14997277$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>HARVEY, Deon M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>YASAR, Sevil</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>HEISHMAN, Stephen J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>PANLILIO, Leigh V</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>HENNINGFIELD, Jack E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>GOLDBERG, Steven R</creatorcontrib><title>Nicotine serves as an effective reinforcer of intravenous drug-taking behavior in human cigarette smokers</title><title>Psychopharmacologia</title><addtitle>Psychopharmacology (Berl)</addtitle><description>Although numerous studies have documented that nicotine can function as an effective reinforcer of intravenous self-administration behavior in animals, it has not been clearly shown to maintain intravenous self-administration behavior above vehicle placebo levels in humans.
To compare the reinforcing effectiveness of nicotine versus saline placebo in human research volunteers responding under fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of intravenous drug self-administration while systematically increasing response requirements.
Eight male cigarette smokers resided in an inpatient research unit. During 3-h sessions, intravenous injections of nicotine and saline were available concurrently and were contingent on responding (pulling a lever). Nicotine dose (0.75, 1.5, 3.0 mg/injection), time out (TO) value after each injection (1-20 min) and FR response requirement (10-1600) were varied in different subjects over consecutive sessions.
Number of nicotine injections/session significantly decreased as dose/injection increased and the number of self-administered nicotine injections was significantly greater than the number of self-administered saline injections across conditions. When FR value was progressively increased over sessions, response rates for nicotine, but not saline, injections increased, with maximal rates at the highest FR values. Rates of responding and injections/session were markedly and significantly higher for nicotine than for saline at FR values of 200 and above. Subjects rated effects of nicotine as both significantly more positive and more negative than saline placebo, with positive ratings significantly higher than negative ratings.
Nicotine functioned as a prototypic drug of abuse, serving as an effective reinforcer of intravenous drug-taking behavior in human cigarette smokers. Subjects adjusted their responding to response requirements in a way that maintained relatively constant levels of nicotine injections per session.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Behavior - drug effects</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Ganglionic Stimulants - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Ganglionic Stimulants - pharmacology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Injections, Intravenous</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Neuropharmacology</subject><subject>Nicotine - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Nicotine - pharmacology</subject><subject>Pharmacology. Drug treatments</subject><subject>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. 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Psychology</topic><topic>Ganglionic Stimulants - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Ganglionic Stimulants - pharmacology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Injections, Intravenous</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Neuropharmacology</topic><topic>Nicotine - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Nicotine - pharmacology</topic><topic>Pharmacology. Drug treatments</topic><topic>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Psychology. Psychophysiology</topic><topic>Self Administration</topic><topic>Smoking</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>HARVEY, Deon M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>YASAR, Sevil</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>HEISHMAN, Stephen J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>PANLILIO, Leigh V</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>HENNINGFIELD, Jack E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>GOLDBERG, Steven R</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Psychology Database (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Psychology Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Psychopharmacologia</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>HARVEY, Deon M</au><au>YASAR, Sevil</au><au>HEISHMAN, Stephen J</au><au>PANLILIO, Leigh V</au><au>HENNINGFIELD, Jack E</au><au>GOLDBERG, Steven R</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Nicotine serves as an effective reinforcer of intravenous drug-taking behavior in human cigarette smokers</atitle><jtitle>Psychopharmacologia</jtitle><addtitle>Psychopharmacology (Berl)</addtitle><date>2004-09-01</date><risdate>2004</risdate><volume>175</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>134</spage><epage>142</epage><pages>134-142</pages><issn>0033-3158</issn><eissn>1432-2072</eissn><coden>PSYPAG</coden><abstract>Although numerous studies have documented that nicotine can function as an effective reinforcer of intravenous self-administration behavior in animals, it has not been clearly shown to maintain intravenous self-administration behavior above vehicle placebo levels in humans.
To compare the reinforcing effectiveness of nicotine versus saline placebo in human research volunteers responding under fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of intravenous drug self-administration while systematically increasing response requirements.
Eight male cigarette smokers resided in an inpatient research unit. During 3-h sessions, intravenous injections of nicotine and saline were available concurrently and were contingent on responding (pulling a lever). Nicotine dose (0.75, 1.5, 3.0 mg/injection), time out (TO) value after each injection (1-20 min) and FR response requirement (10-1600) were varied in different subjects over consecutive sessions.
Number of nicotine injections/session significantly decreased as dose/injection increased and the number of self-administered nicotine injections was significantly greater than the number of self-administered saline injections across conditions. When FR value was progressively increased over sessions, response rates for nicotine, but not saline, injections increased, with maximal rates at the highest FR values. Rates of responding and injections/session were markedly and significantly higher for nicotine than for saline at FR values of 200 and above. Subjects rated effects of nicotine as both significantly more positive and more negative than saline placebo, with positive ratings significantly higher than negative ratings.
Nicotine functioned as a prototypic drug of abuse, serving as an effective reinforcer of intravenous drug-taking behavior in human cigarette smokers. Subjects adjusted their responding to response requirements in a way that maintained relatively constant levels of nicotine injections per session.</abstract><cop>Berlin</cop><pub>Springer</pub><pmid>14997277</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00213-004-1818-6</doi><tpages>9</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Psychopharmacologia, 2004-09, Vol.175 (2), p.134-142 |
| issn | 0033-3158 1432-2072 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; SpringerNature Journals |
| subjects | Adult Behavior - drug effects Biological and medical sciences Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Ganglionic Stimulants - administration & dosage Ganglionic Stimulants - pharmacology Humans Injections, Intravenous Male Medical sciences Middle Aged Neuropharmacology Nicotine - administration & dosage Nicotine - pharmacology Pharmacology. Drug treatments Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychology. Psychophysiology Self Administration Smoking |
| title | Nicotine serves as an effective reinforcer of intravenous drug-taking behavior in human cigarette smokers |
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