Cruciate ligament force during the wall squat and the one-leg squat
To compare cruciate ligament forces during wall squat and one-leg squat exercises. Eighteen subjects performed the wall squat with feet closer to the wall (wall squat short), the wall squat with feet farther from the wall (wall squat long), and the one-leg squat. EMG, force, and kinematic variables...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Medicine and science in sports and exercise 2009-02, Vol.41 (2), p.408-417, Article 408 |
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| creator | ESCAMILLA, Rafael F ZHENG, Naiquan IMAMURA, Rodney MACLEOD, Toran D EDWARDS, W. Brent HRELJAC, Alan FLEISIG, Glenn S WILK, Kevin E MOORMAN, Claude T ANDREWS, James R |
| description | To compare cruciate ligament forces during wall squat and one-leg squat exercises.
Eighteen subjects performed the wall squat with feet closer to the wall (wall squat short), the wall squat with feet farther from the wall (wall squat long), and the one-leg squat. EMG, force, and kinematic variables were input into a biomechanical model using optimization. A three-factor repeated-measure ANOVA (P < 0.05) with planned comparisons was used.
Mean posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) forces were significantly greater in 1) wall squat long compared with wall squat short (0 degrees -80 degrees knee angles) and one-leg squat (0 degrees -90 degrees knee angles); 2) wall squat short compared with one-leg squat between 0 degrees -20 degrees and 90 degrees knee angles; 3) wall squat long compared with wall squat short (70 degrees -0 degrees knee angles) and one-leg squat (90 degrees -60 degrees and 20 degrees -0 degrees knee angles); and 4) wall squat short compared with one-leg squat between 90 degrees -70 degrees and 0 degrees knee angles. Peak PCL force magnitudes occurred between 80 degrees and 90 degrees knee angles and were 723 +/- 127 N for wall squat long, 786 +/- 197 N for wall squat short, and 414 +/- 133 N for one-leg squat. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) forces during one-leg squat occurred between 0 degrees and 40 degrees knee angles, with a peak magnitude of 59 +/- 52 N at 30 degrees knee angle. Quadriceps force ranged approximately between 30 and 720 N, whereas hamstring force ranged approximately between 15 and 190 N.
Throughout the 0 degrees -90 degrees knee angles, the wall squat long generally exhibited significantly greater PCL forces compared with the wall squat short and one-leg squat. PCL forces were similar between the wall squat short and the one-leg squat. ACL forces were generated only in the one-leg squat. All exercises appear to load the ACL and the PCL within a safe range in healthy individuals. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181882c6d |
| format | Article |
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Eighteen subjects performed the wall squat with feet closer to the wall (wall squat short), the wall squat with feet farther from the wall (wall squat long), and the one-leg squat. EMG, force, and kinematic variables were input into a biomechanical model using optimization. A three-factor repeated-measure ANOVA (P < 0.05) with planned comparisons was used.
Mean posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) forces were significantly greater in 1) wall squat long compared with wall squat short (0 degrees -80 degrees knee angles) and one-leg squat (0 degrees -90 degrees knee angles); 2) wall squat short compared with one-leg squat between 0 degrees -20 degrees and 90 degrees knee angles; 3) wall squat long compared with wall squat short (70 degrees -0 degrees knee angles) and one-leg squat (90 degrees -60 degrees and 20 degrees -0 degrees knee angles); and 4) wall squat short compared with one-leg squat between 90 degrees -70 degrees and 0 degrees knee angles. Peak PCL force magnitudes occurred between 80 degrees and 90 degrees knee angles and were 723 +/- 127 N for wall squat long, 786 +/- 197 N for wall squat short, and 414 +/- 133 N for one-leg squat. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) forces during one-leg squat occurred between 0 degrees and 40 degrees knee angles, with a peak magnitude of 59 +/- 52 N at 30 degrees knee angle. Quadriceps force ranged approximately between 30 and 720 N, whereas hamstring force ranged approximately between 15 and 190 N.
Throughout the 0 degrees -90 degrees knee angles, the wall squat long generally exhibited significantly greater PCL forces compared with the wall squat short and one-leg squat. PCL forces were similar between the wall squat short and the one-leg squat. ACL forces were generated only in the one-leg squat. All exercises appear to load the ACL and the PCL within a safe range in healthy individuals.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0195-9131</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1530-0315</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181882c6d</identifier><identifier>PMID: 19127183</identifier><identifier>CODEN: MSPEDA</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</publisher><subject>Adult ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament - physiology ; Biological and medical sciences ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Cohort Studies ; Exercise - physiology ; Female ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Humans ; Male ; Posterior Cruciate Ligament - physiology ; Range of Motion, Articular - physiology ; Resistance Training ; Space life sciences ; Vertebrates: body movement. Posture. Locomotion. Flight. Swimming. Physical exercise. Rest. Sports ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 2009-02, Vol.41 (2), p.408-417, Article 408</ispartof><rights>2009 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c432t-9f90bed664b13fe82c3ce43847bef408739d923e0dc2a7a3339c912a6379ef643</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c432t-9f90bed664b13fe82c3ce43847bef408739d923e0dc2a7a3339c912a6379ef643</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,777,781,27905,27906</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=21067042$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19127183$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>ESCAMILLA, Rafael F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>ZHENG, Naiquan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>IMAMURA, Rodney</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MACLEOD, Toran D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>EDWARDS, W. Brent</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>HRELJAC, Alan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>FLEISIG, Glenn S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>WILK, Kevin E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MOORMAN, Claude T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>ANDREWS, James R</creatorcontrib><title>Cruciate ligament force during the wall squat and the one-leg squat</title><title>Medicine and science in sports and exercise</title><addtitle>Med Sci Sports Exerc</addtitle><description>To compare cruciate ligament forces during wall squat and one-leg squat exercises.
Eighteen subjects performed the wall squat with feet closer to the wall (wall squat short), the wall squat with feet farther from the wall (wall squat long), and the one-leg squat. EMG, force, and kinematic variables were input into a biomechanical model using optimization. A three-factor repeated-measure ANOVA (P < 0.05) with planned comparisons was used.
Mean posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) forces were significantly greater in 1) wall squat long compared with wall squat short (0 degrees -80 degrees knee angles) and one-leg squat (0 degrees -90 degrees knee angles); 2) wall squat short compared with one-leg squat between 0 degrees -20 degrees and 90 degrees knee angles; 3) wall squat long compared with wall squat short (70 degrees -0 degrees knee angles) and one-leg squat (90 degrees -60 degrees and 20 degrees -0 degrees knee angles); and 4) wall squat short compared with one-leg squat between 90 degrees -70 degrees and 0 degrees knee angles. Peak PCL force magnitudes occurred between 80 degrees and 90 degrees knee angles and were 723 +/- 127 N for wall squat long, 786 +/- 197 N for wall squat short, and 414 +/- 133 N for one-leg squat. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) forces during one-leg squat occurred between 0 degrees and 40 degrees knee angles, with a peak magnitude of 59 +/- 52 N at 30 degrees knee angle. Quadriceps force ranged approximately between 30 and 720 N, whereas hamstring force ranged approximately between 15 and 190 N.
Throughout the 0 degrees -90 degrees knee angles, the wall squat long generally exhibited significantly greater PCL forces compared with the wall squat short and one-leg squat. PCL forces were similar between the wall squat short and the one-leg squat. ACL forces were generated only in the one-leg squat. All exercises appear to load the ACL and the PCL within a safe range in healthy individuals.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Anterior Cruciate Ligament - physiology</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Biomechanical Phenomena</subject><subject>Cohort Studies</subject><subject>Exercise - physiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Posterior Cruciate Ligament - physiology</subject><subject>Range of Motion, Articular - physiology</subject><subject>Resistance Training</subject><subject>Space life sciences</subject><subject>Vertebrates: body movement. Posture. Locomotion. Flight. Swimming. Physical exercise. Rest. Sports</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>0195-9131</issn><issn>1530-0315</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2009</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNplkEFL7EAQhAdRdN_qPxDJRW_R7vRskvEmiz4fKB7Uc5hMOuvIJNGZCfL-vdFdFPTUUHxVXZQQhwinmEl1dnt_fwo1IDFhiWWZmbzZEjNcEKRAuNgWM0C1SBUS7ok_ITwDQEGEu2IPFWYFljQTy6UfjdWRE2dXuuM-Ju3gDSfN6G2_SuITJ2_auSS8jjomum8-paHn1PFqre6LnVa7wAebOxePV5cPy-v05u7vv-XFTWokZTFVrYKamzyXNVLLU2EyLKmURc2thLIg1aiMGBqT6UITkTJTT51TobjNJc3FyTr3xQ-vI4dYdTYYdk73PIyhyvOSAOgDlGvQ-CEEz2314m2n_f8KofoYr5rGq36ON9mONvlj3XHzbdqsNQHHG0AHo13rdW9s-OIyhLwAmU3c-Y__xkYd7dBHr637atGF8LvFO4vsiuw</recordid><startdate>20090201</startdate><enddate>20090201</enddate><creator>ESCAMILLA, Rafael F</creator><creator>ZHENG, Naiquan</creator><creator>IMAMURA, Rodney</creator><creator>MACLEOD, Toran D</creator><creator>EDWARDS, W. Brent</creator><creator>HRELJAC, Alan</creator><creator>FLEISIG, Glenn S</creator><creator>WILK, Kevin E</creator><creator>MOORMAN, Claude T</creator><creator>ANDREWS, James R</creator><general>Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20090201</creationdate><title>Cruciate ligament force during the wall squat and the one-leg squat</title><author>ESCAMILLA, Rafael F ; ZHENG, Naiquan ; IMAMURA, Rodney ; MACLEOD, Toran D ; EDWARDS, W. Brent ; HRELJAC, Alan ; FLEISIG, Glenn S ; WILK, Kevin E ; MOORMAN, Claude T ; ANDREWS, James R</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c432t-9f90bed664b13fe82c3ce43847bef408739d923e0dc2a7a3339c912a6379ef643</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2009</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Anterior Cruciate Ligament - physiology</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Biomechanical Phenomena</topic><topic>Cohort Studies</topic><topic>Exercise - physiology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Posterior Cruciate Ligament - physiology</topic><topic>Range of Motion, Articular - physiology</topic><topic>Resistance Training</topic><topic>Space life sciences</topic><topic>Vertebrates: body movement. Posture. Locomotion. Flight. Swimming. Physical exercise. Rest. Sports</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>ESCAMILLA, Rafael F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>ZHENG, Naiquan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>IMAMURA, Rodney</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MACLEOD, Toran D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>EDWARDS, W. Brent</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>HRELJAC, Alan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>FLEISIG, Glenn S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>WILK, Kevin E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MOORMAN, Claude T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>ANDREWS, James R</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Medicine and science in sports and exercise</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>ESCAMILLA, Rafael F</au><au>ZHENG, Naiquan</au><au>IMAMURA, Rodney</au><au>MACLEOD, Toran D</au><au>EDWARDS, W. Brent</au><au>HRELJAC, Alan</au><au>FLEISIG, Glenn S</au><au>WILK, Kevin E</au><au>MOORMAN, Claude T</au><au>ANDREWS, James R</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Cruciate ligament force during the wall squat and the one-leg squat</atitle><jtitle>Medicine and science in sports and exercise</jtitle><addtitle>Med Sci Sports Exerc</addtitle><date>2009-02-01</date><risdate>2009</risdate><volume>41</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>408</spage><epage>417</epage><pages>408-417</pages><artnum>408</artnum><issn>0195-9131</issn><eissn>1530-0315</eissn><coden>MSPEDA</coden><abstract>To compare cruciate ligament forces during wall squat and one-leg squat exercises.
Eighteen subjects performed the wall squat with feet closer to the wall (wall squat short), the wall squat with feet farther from the wall (wall squat long), and the one-leg squat. EMG, force, and kinematic variables were input into a biomechanical model using optimization. A three-factor repeated-measure ANOVA (P < 0.05) with planned comparisons was used.
Mean posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) forces were significantly greater in 1) wall squat long compared with wall squat short (0 degrees -80 degrees knee angles) and one-leg squat (0 degrees -90 degrees knee angles); 2) wall squat short compared with one-leg squat between 0 degrees -20 degrees and 90 degrees knee angles; 3) wall squat long compared with wall squat short (70 degrees -0 degrees knee angles) and one-leg squat (90 degrees -60 degrees and 20 degrees -0 degrees knee angles); and 4) wall squat short compared with one-leg squat between 90 degrees -70 degrees and 0 degrees knee angles. Peak PCL force magnitudes occurred between 80 degrees and 90 degrees knee angles and were 723 +/- 127 N for wall squat long, 786 +/- 197 N for wall squat short, and 414 +/- 133 N for one-leg squat. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) forces during one-leg squat occurred between 0 degrees and 40 degrees knee angles, with a peak magnitude of 59 +/- 52 N at 30 degrees knee angle. Quadriceps force ranged approximately between 30 and 720 N, whereas hamstring force ranged approximately between 15 and 190 N.
Throughout the 0 degrees -90 degrees knee angles, the wall squat long generally exhibited significantly greater PCL forces compared with the wall squat short and one-leg squat. PCL forces were similar between the wall squat short and the one-leg squat. ACL forces were generated only in the one-leg squat. All exercises appear to load the ACL and the PCL within a safe range in healthy individuals.</abstract><cop>Hagerstown, MD</cop><pub>Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</pub><pmid>19127183</pmid><doi>10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181882c6d</doi><tpages>10</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| identifier | ISSN: 0195-9131 |
| ispartof | Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 2009-02, Vol.41 (2), p.408-417, Article 408 |
| issn | 0195-9131 1530-0315 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; Journals@Ovid LWW Legacy Archive; Journals@Ovid Complete |
| subjects | Adult Anterior Cruciate Ligament - physiology Biological and medical sciences Biomechanical Phenomena Cohort Studies Exercise - physiology Female Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Humans Male Posterior Cruciate Ligament - physiology Range of Motion, Articular - physiology Resistance Training Space life sciences Vertebrates: body movement. Posture. Locomotion. Flight. Swimming. Physical exercise. Rest. Sports Young Adult |
| title | Cruciate ligament force during the wall squat and the one-leg squat |
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