Enhanced heat and drought tolerance in transgenic rice seedlings overexpressing OsWRKY11 under the control of HSP101 promoter
An OsWRKY11 gene, which encodes a transcription factor with the WRKY domain, was identified as one of the genes that was induced by both heat shock and drought stresses in seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa L.). To determine if overexpression of OsWRKY11 confers heat and drought tolerance, OsWRKY11 cDN...
Gespeichert in:
Veröffentlicht in: | Plant cell reports 2009-01, Vol.28 (1), p.21-30 |
---|---|
Hauptverfasser: | , , , , |
Format: | Artikel |
Sprache: | eng |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
container_end_page | 30 |
---|---|
container_issue | 1 |
container_start_page | 21 |
container_title | Plant cell reports |
container_volume | 28 |
creator | Wu, Xiaolan Shiroto, Yoko Kishitani, Sachie Ito, Yukihiro Toriyama, Kinya |
description | An OsWRKY11 gene, which encodes a transcription factor with the WRKY domain, was identified as one of the genes that was induced by both heat shock and drought stresses in seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa L.). To determine if overexpression of OsWRKY11 confers heat and drought tolerance, OsWRKY11 cDNA was fused to the promoter of HSP101 of rice and introduced into a rice cultivar Sasanishiki. Overexpression of OsWRKY11 was induced by heat treatment. After heat pretreatment, the transgenic lines showed significant heat and drought tolerance, as indicated by the slower leaf-wilting and less-impaired survival rate of green parts of plants. They also showed significant desiccation tolerance, as indicated by the slower water loss in detached leaves. Our results indicate that the OsWRKY11 gene plays a role in heat and drought stress response and tolerance, and might be useful for improvement of stress tolerance. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00299-008-0614-x |
format | Article |
fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_66738205</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>1093432550</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c492t-8d193b94a5b596757614346f6c8f5543a4389c979b05a51076b160fc84f2eef33</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kU9v1DAQxS0EokvhA3ABiwPiEhj_i-0jqgpFVCqiVMDJcpLJbqqsvdgJWg58d7zKSpU49GR73m_eaPwIec7gLQPQ7zIAt7YCMBXUTFb7B2TFpOAVB_HjIVmB5qzSmskT8iTnW4Ai6voxOWHGMGO5XZG_52HjQ4sd3aCfqA8d7VKc15uJTnHEdNDoEOhUbnmNYWhpGkopI3bjENaZxt-YcL9LmHN506v8_evnn4zROXSY6LRB2sYwpTjS2NOL6y8MGN2luI0TpqfkUe_HjM-O5ym5-XD-7eyiurz6-Ons_WXVSsunynTMisZKrxpla610WVbIuq9b0yslhZfC2NZq24DyioGuG1ZD3xrZc8ReiFPyevEtg3_NmCe3HXKL4-gDxjm7utbCcFAFfHMvyMCK8sFKQUFf_YfexjmFsoYzRhoBXLICsQVqU8w5Ye92adj69Kc4uUOGbsnQlQzdIUO3Lz0vjsZzs8XuruMYWgH4AuQihTWmu8n3ub5cmnofnV-nIbubaw5MAFMaZLH9Bxvtr4o</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>884830241</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Enhanced heat and drought tolerance in transgenic rice seedlings overexpressing OsWRKY11 under the control of HSP101 promoter</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Springer Online Journals</source><creator>Wu, Xiaolan ; Shiroto, Yoko ; Kishitani, Sachie ; Ito, Yukihiro ; Toriyama, Kinya</creator><creatorcontrib>Wu, Xiaolan ; Shiroto, Yoko ; Kishitani, Sachie ; Ito, Yukihiro ; Toriyama, Kinya</creatorcontrib><description>An OsWRKY11 gene, which encodes a transcription factor with the WRKY domain, was identified as one of the genes that was induced by both heat shock and drought stresses in seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa L.). To determine if overexpression of OsWRKY11 confers heat and drought tolerance, OsWRKY11 cDNA was fused to the promoter of HSP101 of rice and introduced into a rice cultivar Sasanishiki. Overexpression of OsWRKY11 was induced by heat treatment. After heat pretreatment, the transgenic lines showed significant heat and drought tolerance, as indicated by the slower leaf-wilting and less-impaired survival rate of green parts of plants. They also showed significant desiccation tolerance, as indicated by the slower water loss in detached leaves. Our results indicate that the OsWRKY11 gene plays a role in heat and drought stress response and tolerance, and might be useful for improvement of stress tolerance.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0721-7714</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1432-203X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00299-008-0614-x</identifier><identifier>PMID: 18818929</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Berlin/Heidelberg : Springer-Verlag</publisher><subject>Aquatic plants ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Biotechnology ; Cell Biology ; Cultivars ; Desiccation ; DNA, Complementary - genetics ; Drought resistance ; Droughts ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genetic Transformation and Hybridization ; Heat shock ; Heat treatment ; Heat treatments ; Heat-Shock Response ; Hot Temperature ; Leaves ; Life Sciences ; Mosses ; Oryza - genetics ; Oryza - metabolism ; Oryza - physiology ; Oryza sativa ; Plant Biochemistry ; Plant Proteins - genetics ; Plant Proteins - metabolism ; Plant Sciences ; Plants, Genetically Modified - genetics ; Plants, Genetically Modified - metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Promoters ; Rice ; RNA, Plant - genetics ; Seedlings ; Seedlings - genetics ; Seedlings - metabolism ; Seedlings - physiology ; Stress ; Stress, Physiological ; Survival ; Transcription factors ; Transcription Factors - genetics ; Transcription Factors - metabolism ; Transgenic plants ; Water - physiology ; Water loss ; Wilting</subject><ispartof>Plant cell reports, 2009-01, Vol.28 (1), p.21-30</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag 2008</rights><rights>Springer-Verlag 2009</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c492t-8d193b94a5b596757614346f6c8f5543a4389c979b05a51076b160fc84f2eef33</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c492t-8d193b94a5b596757614346f6c8f5543a4389c979b05a51076b160fc84f2eef33</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00299-008-0614-x$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00299-008-0614-x$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>315,781,785,27926,27927,41490,42559,51321</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18818929$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Wu, Xiaolan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shiroto, Yoko</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kishitani, Sachie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ito, Yukihiro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Toriyama, Kinya</creatorcontrib><title>Enhanced heat and drought tolerance in transgenic rice seedlings overexpressing OsWRKY11 under the control of HSP101 promoter</title><title>Plant cell reports</title><addtitle>Plant Cell Rep</addtitle><addtitle>Plant Cell Rep</addtitle><description>An OsWRKY11 gene, which encodes a transcription factor with the WRKY domain, was identified as one of the genes that was induced by both heat shock and drought stresses in seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa L.). To determine if overexpression of OsWRKY11 confers heat and drought tolerance, OsWRKY11 cDNA was fused to the promoter of HSP101 of rice and introduced into a rice cultivar Sasanishiki. Overexpression of OsWRKY11 was induced by heat treatment. After heat pretreatment, the transgenic lines showed significant heat and drought tolerance, as indicated by the slower leaf-wilting and less-impaired survival rate of green parts of plants. They also showed significant desiccation tolerance, as indicated by the slower water loss in detached leaves. Our results indicate that the OsWRKY11 gene plays a role in heat and drought stress response and tolerance, and might be useful for improvement of stress tolerance.</description><subject>Aquatic plants</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biotechnology</subject><subject>Cell Biology</subject><subject>Cultivars</subject><subject>Desiccation</subject><subject>DNA, Complementary - genetics</subject><subject>Drought resistance</subject><subject>Droughts</subject><subject>Gene Expression Regulation, Plant</subject><subject>Genetic Transformation and Hybridization</subject><subject>Heat shock</subject><subject>Heat treatment</subject><subject>Heat treatments</subject><subject>Heat-Shock Response</subject><subject>Hot Temperature</subject><subject>Leaves</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Mosses</subject><subject>Oryza - genetics</subject><subject>Oryza - metabolism</subject><subject>Oryza - physiology</subject><subject>Oryza sativa</subject><subject>Plant Biochemistry</subject><subject>Plant Proteins - genetics</subject><subject>Plant Proteins - metabolism</subject><subject>Plant Sciences</subject><subject>Plants, Genetically Modified - genetics</subject><subject>Plants, Genetically Modified - metabolism</subject><subject>Promoter Regions, Genetic</subject><subject>Promoters</subject><subject>Rice</subject><subject>RNA, Plant - genetics</subject><subject>Seedlings</subject><subject>Seedlings - genetics</subject><subject>Seedlings - metabolism</subject><subject>Seedlings - physiology</subject><subject>Stress</subject><subject>Stress, Physiological</subject><subject>Survival</subject><subject>Transcription factors</subject><subject>Transcription Factors - genetics</subject><subject>Transcription Factors - metabolism</subject><subject>Transgenic plants</subject><subject>Water - physiology</subject><subject>Water loss</subject><subject>Wilting</subject><issn>0721-7714</issn><issn>1432-203X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2009</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kU9v1DAQxS0EokvhA3ABiwPiEhj_i-0jqgpFVCqiVMDJcpLJbqqsvdgJWg58d7zKSpU49GR73m_eaPwIec7gLQPQ7zIAt7YCMBXUTFb7B2TFpOAVB_HjIVmB5qzSmskT8iTnW4Ai6voxOWHGMGO5XZG_52HjQ4sd3aCfqA8d7VKc15uJTnHEdNDoEOhUbnmNYWhpGkopI3bjENaZxt-YcL9LmHN506v8_evnn4zROXSY6LRB2sYwpTjS2NOL6y8MGN2luI0TpqfkUe_HjM-O5ym5-XD-7eyiurz6-Ons_WXVSsunynTMisZKrxpla610WVbIuq9b0yslhZfC2NZq24DyioGuG1ZD3xrZc8ReiFPyevEtg3_NmCe3HXKL4-gDxjm7utbCcFAFfHMvyMCK8sFKQUFf_YfexjmFsoYzRhoBXLICsQVqU8w5Ye92adj69Kc4uUOGbsnQlQzdIUO3Lz0vjsZzs8XuruMYWgH4AuQihTWmu8n3ub5cmnofnV-nIbubaw5MAFMaZLH9Bxvtr4o</recordid><startdate>20090101</startdate><enddate>20090101</enddate><creator>Wu, Xiaolan</creator><creator>Shiroto, Yoko</creator><creator>Kishitani, Sachie</creator><creator>Ito, Yukihiro</creator><creator>Toriyama, Kinya</creator><general>Berlin/Heidelberg : Springer-Verlag</general><general>Springer-Verlag</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88A</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20090101</creationdate><title>Enhanced heat and drought tolerance in transgenic rice seedlings overexpressing OsWRKY11 under the control of HSP101 promoter</title><author>Wu, Xiaolan ; Shiroto, Yoko ; Kishitani, Sachie ; Ito, Yukihiro ; Toriyama, Kinya</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c492t-8d193b94a5b596757614346f6c8f5543a4389c979b05a51076b160fc84f2eef33</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2009</creationdate><topic>Aquatic plants</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biotechnology</topic><topic>Cell Biology</topic><topic>Cultivars</topic><topic>Desiccation</topic><topic>DNA, Complementary - genetics</topic><topic>Drought resistance</topic><topic>Droughts</topic><topic>Gene Expression Regulation, Plant</topic><topic>Genetic Transformation and Hybridization</topic><topic>Heat shock</topic><topic>Heat treatment</topic><topic>Heat treatments</topic><topic>Heat-Shock Response</topic><topic>Hot Temperature</topic><topic>Leaves</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>Mosses</topic><topic>Oryza - genetics</topic><topic>Oryza - metabolism</topic><topic>Oryza - physiology</topic><topic>Oryza sativa</topic><topic>Plant Biochemistry</topic><topic>Plant Proteins - genetics</topic><topic>Plant Proteins - metabolism</topic><topic>Plant Sciences</topic><topic>Plants, Genetically Modified - genetics</topic><topic>Plants, Genetically Modified - metabolism</topic><topic>Promoter Regions, Genetic</topic><topic>Promoters</topic><topic>Rice</topic><topic>RNA, Plant - genetics</topic><topic>Seedlings</topic><topic>Seedlings - genetics</topic><topic>Seedlings - metabolism</topic><topic>Seedlings - physiology</topic><topic>Stress</topic><topic>Stress, Physiological</topic><topic>Survival</topic><topic>Transcription factors</topic><topic>Transcription Factors - genetics</topic><topic>Transcription Factors - metabolism</topic><topic>Transgenic plants</topic><topic>Water - physiology</topic><topic>Water loss</topic><topic>Wilting</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Wu, Xiaolan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shiroto, Yoko</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kishitani, Sachie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ito, Yukihiro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Toriyama, Kinya</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest_Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Biology Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection (Proquest) (PQ_SDU_P3)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Agriculture Science Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>PML(ProQuest Medical Library)</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Journals</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Plant cell reports</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Wu, Xiaolan</au><au>Shiroto, Yoko</au><au>Kishitani, Sachie</au><au>Ito, Yukihiro</au><au>Toriyama, Kinya</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Enhanced heat and drought tolerance in transgenic rice seedlings overexpressing OsWRKY11 under the control of HSP101 promoter</atitle><jtitle>Plant cell reports</jtitle><stitle>Plant Cell Rep</stitle><addtitle>Plant Cell Rep</addtitle><date>2009-01-01</date><risdate>2009</risdate><volume>28</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>21</spage><epage>30</epage><pages>21-30</pages><issn>0721-7714</issn><eissn>1432-203X</eissn><abstract>An OsWRKY11 gene, which encodes a transcription factor with the WRKY domain, was identified as one of the genes that was induced by both heat shock and drought stresses in seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa L.). To determine if overexpression of OsWRKY11 confers heat and drought tolerance, OsWRKY11 cDNA was fused to the promoter of HSP101 of rice and introduced into a rice cultivar Sasanishiki. Overexpression of OsWRKY11 was induced by heat treatment. After heat pretreatment, the transgenic lines showed significant heat and drought tolerance, as indicated by the slower leaf-wilting and less-impaired survival rate of green parts of plants. They also showed significant desiccation tolerance, as indicated by the slower water loss in detached leaves. Our results indicate that the OsWRKY11 gene plays a role in heat and drought stress response and tolerance, and might be useful for improvement of stress tolerance.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Berlin/Heidelberg : Springer-Verlag</pub><pmid>18818929</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00299-008-0614-x</doi><tpages>10</tpages></addata></record> |
fulltext | fulltext |
identifier | ISSN: 0721-7714 |
ispartof | Plant cell reports, 2009-01, Vol.28 (1), p.21-30 |
issn | 0721-7714 1432-203X |
language | eng |
recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_66738205 |
source | MEDLINE; Springer Online Journals |
subjects | Aquatic plants Biomedical and Life Sciences Biotechnology Cell Biology Cultivars Desiccation DNA, Complementary - genetics Drought resistance Droughts Gene Expression Regulation, Plant Genetic Transformation and Hybridization Heat shock Heat treatment Heat treatments Heat-Shock Response Hot Temperature Leaves Life Sciences Mosses Oryza - genetics Oryza - metabolism Oryza - physiology Oryza sativa Plant Biochemistry Plant Proteins - genetics Plant Proteins - metabolism Plant Sciences Plants, Genetically Modified - genetics Plants, Genetically Modified - metabolism Promoter Regions, Genetic Promoters Rice RNA, Plant - genetics Seedlings Seedlings - genetics Seedlings - metabolism Seedlings - physiology Stress Stress, Physiological Survival Transcription factors Transcription Factors - genetics Transcription Factors - metabolism Transgenic plants Water - physiology Water loss Wilting |
title | Enhanced heat and drought tolerance in transgenic rice seedlings overexpressing OsWRKY11 under the control of HSP101 promoter |
url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-17T17%3A37%3A36IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Enhanced%20heat%20and%20drought%20tolerance%20in%20transgenic%20rice%20seedlings%20overexpressing%20OsWRKY11%20under%20the%20control%20of%20HSP101%20promoter&rft.jtitle=Plant%20cell%20reports&rft.au=Wu,%20Xiaolan&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=21&rft.epage=30&rft.pages=21-30&rft.issn=0721-7714&rft.eissn=1432-203X&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/s00299-008-0614-x&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E1093432550%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=884830241&rft_id=info:pmid/18818929&rfr_iscdi=true |