The impact of maternal history and behavior upon foster placement and adjustment in sexually abused girls
This study investigated the impact of the nonoffending mother's childhood history and current functioning upon the psychological status and placement decisions for 68 sexually abused girls. Maternal history of abuse and/or poor childhood attachment relationships were significantly related to cu...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Child abuse & neglect 1993-11, Vol.17 (6), p.755-766 |
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| creator | Leifer, Myra Shapiro, Jeremy P. Kassem, Layla |
| description | This study investigated the impact of the nonoffending mother's childhood history and current functioning upon the psychological status and placement decisions for 68 sexually abused girls. Maternal history of abuse and/or poor childhood attachment relationships were significantly related to current maternal substance abuse. Maternal substance abuse and dissatisfaction with social support were significantly associated with lack of maternal support to the child and more abuse incidents, which in turn were related to more sexual abuse-related symptomatology and placement in foster care. The findings are congruent with studies indicating that intergenerational transmission of abuse is not inevitable, and suggest that maternal substance abuse and social isolation are important mediating variables between maternal history of sexual abuse and response to the abused child. The findings suggest that interventions targeted to the nonoffending mothers may be important in reducing child dysfunction and placement in foster care in the aftermath of sexual abuse.
Cet article porte sur ľétude de mères dont les filles ont été victimes ďabus sexuels. Soixante-huit fillettes formaient ľéchantillon. Les auteurs ont enquêté sur la façon dont ľenfance des mères et leur niveau de fonctionnement courant influencent ľétat affectif de leurs filles et la prise de décision par rapport au placement des enfants en foyer ďaccueil. On a noté que les mères maltraitées en enfance et ayant vécu des liens ďattachement déficients étaient portées à la toxicomanie. La toxicomanie de la mère ainsi que son manque de relations ďapppui s'associent à des incidents de maltraitance plus fréquents. En retour, la maltraitance des fillettes leur occasionnent des symptômes typiques et mènent au placement en foyer ďaccueil. Ces constats confirment ďautres études et dénotent que la propagation ďune génération a ľautre n'est pas inévitable. Les conclusions suggèrent que la toxicomanie chez les mères et ľisolement social sont des variables intermédiaires par rapport à la mère et les abus sexuels de son enfant. Les constats portent à conclure que les interventions à ľintention de ces mères jouent un róle important pour diminuer la dysfonction chez ľenfant et le placement en foyer nourricier.
Este estudió investigó el impacto de la historia infantil de la madré no-ofensiva y su funcionamiento actual sobre el estado psicológico y las descisiones de custodia para 68 muchachas víctimas de abuso sexual. La histori |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/S0145-2134(08)80006-3 |
| format | Article |
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Cet article porte sur ľétude de mères dont les filles ont été victimes ďabus sexuels. Soixante-huit fillettes formaient ľéchantillon. Les auteurs ont enquêté sur la façon dont ľenfance des mères et leur niveau de fonctionnement courant influencent ľétat affectif de leurs filles et la prise de décision par rapport au placement des enfants en foyer ďaccueil. On a noté que les mères maltraitées en enfance et ayant vécu des liens ďattachement déficients étaient portées à la toxicomanie. La toxicomanie de la mère ainsi que son manque de relations ďapppui s'associent à des incidents de maltraitance plus fréquents. En retour, la maltraitance des fillettes leur occasionnent des symptômes typiques et mènent au placement en foyer ďaccueil. Ces constats confirment ďautres études et dénotent que la propagation ďune génération a ľautre n'est pas inévitable. Les conclusions suggèrent que la toxicomanie chez les mères et ľisolement social sont des variables intermédiaires par rapport à la mère et les abus sexuels de son enfant. Les constats portent à conclure que les interventions à ľintention de ces mères jouent un róle important pour diminuer la dysfonction chez ľenfant et le placement en foyer nourricier.
Este estudió investigó el impacto de la historia infantil de la madré no-ofensiva y su funcionamiento actual sobre el estado psicológico y las descisiones de custodia para 68 muchachas víctimas de abuso sexual. La historia de abuso en la madré y/o malas relaciones de apego en la niñez fueron significativamente relacionadas con el abuso de sustancias en la madré. El abuso de sustancias en la madré y la insatisfaccion con el apoyo social se asociaron significativamente con la falta de apoyo materno a los nióos y mas incidentes de abuso que a su vez estaban relacionados con mas sintomalogia relacionada con el abuso sexual y la colocaciän en cuidado sustituto. Los hallaz-gos son congruentes con estudios que indican que la transmisión intergeneracional del abuso no es inmutable y sugiere que el abuso de sustancias en la madré y el aislamiento emocional son variables mediadoras importantes entre la historia de abuso sexual en la madré y la respuesta al nifio abusado. Los resultados sugieren que las intervenciones dirigidas a las madrés no-ofensivas pueden ser importante para reducir la disfunción en los ninos y la colocación en hogares sustitutos después del abuso sexual.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0145-2134</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-7757</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/S0145-2134(08)80006-3</identifier><identifier>PMID: 8287288</identifier><identifier>CODEN: CABND3</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Adaptation, Psychological ; Adolescent ; Adolescents ; Analysis of Variance ; Behavior ; Biological and medical sciences ; Blacks ; Child ; Child Abuse ; Child abuse & neglect ; Child Abuse, Sexual - psychology ; Child Sexual Abuse ; Child, Preschool ; Childhood Factors ; Children ; Female ; Females ; Foster Care ; Foster Children ; Foster Home Care ; Foster placement ; Girls ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Logistic Models ; Maternal history ; Medical sciences ; Mother Attitudes ; Mother-Child Relations ; Mothers ; Mothers - psychology ; Parent Background ; Placement ; Psychological Factors ; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry ; Psychopathology. Psychiatry ; Sex crimes ; Sexual Abuse ; Sexually abused girls ; Social Support ; Social Support Groups ; Substance Abuse ; Substance-Related Disorders ; Victimology</subject><ispartof>Child abuse & neglect, 1993-11, Vol.17 (6), p.755-766</ispartof><rights>1993 Pergamon Press Ltd.</rights><rights>1994 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright Pergamon Press Inc. Nov 1993</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c529t-f5fbfd791032baaf8cf9ec1f8b46291a12092f46fd300868a9e07b82943ccf543</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c529t-f5fbfd791032baaf8cf9ec1f8b46291a12092f46fd300868a9e07b82943ccf543</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(08)80006-3$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3550,27869,27924,27925,30999,33774,33775,45995</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ475953$$DView record in ERIC$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=3836640$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8287288$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Leifer, Myra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shapiro, Jeremy P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kassem, Layla</creatorcontrib><title>The impact of maternal history and behavior upon foster placement and adjustment in sexually abused girls</title><title>Child abuse & neglect</title><addtitle>Child Abuse Negl</addtitle><description>This study investigated the impact of the nonoffending mother's childhood history and current functioning upon the psychological status and placement decisions for 68 sexually abused girls. Maternal history of abuse and/or poor childhood attachment relationships were significantly related to current maternal substance abuse. Maternal substance abuse and dissatisfaction with social support were significantly associated with lack of maternal support to the child and more abuse incidents, which in turn were related to more sexual abuse-related symptomatology and placement in foster care. The findings are congruent with studies indicating that intergenerational transmission of abuse is not inevitable, and suggest that maternal substance abuse and social isolation are important mediating variables between maternal history of sexual abuse and response to the abused child. The findings suggest that interventions targeted to the nonoffending mothers may be important in reducing child dysfunction and placement in foster care in the aftermath of sexual abuse.
Cet article porte sur ľétude de mères dont les filles ont été victimes ďabus sexuels. Soixante-huit fillettes formaient ľéchantillon. Les auteurs ont enquêté sur la façon dont ľenfance des mères et leur niveau de fonctionnement courant influencent ľétat affectif de leurs filles et la prise de décision par rapport au placement des enfants en foyer ďaccueil. On a noté que les mères maltraitées en enfance et ayant vécu des liens ďattachement déficients étaient portées à la toxicomanie. La toxicomanie de la mère ainsi que son manque de relations ďapppui s'associent à des incidents de maltraitance plus fréquents. En retour, la maltraitance des fillettes leur occasionnent des symptômes typiques et mènent au placement en foyer ďaccueil. Ces constats confirment ďautres études et dénotent que la propagation ďune génération a ľautre n'est pas inévitable. Les conclusions suggèrent que la toxicomanie chez les mères et ľisolement social sont des variables intermédiaires par rapport à la mère et les abus sexuels de son enfant. Les constats portent à conclure que les interventions à ľintention de ces mères jouent un róle important pour diminuer la dysfonction chez ľenfant et le placement en foyer nourricier.
Este estudió investigó el impacto de la historia infantil de la madré no-ofensiva y su funcionamiento actual sobre el estado psicológico y las descisiones de custodia para 68 muchachas víctimas de abuso sexual. La historia de abuso en la madré y/o malas relaciones de apego en la niñez fueron significativamente relacionadas con el abuso de sustancias en la madré. El abuso de sustancias en la madré y la insatisfaccion con el apoyo social se asociaron significativamente con la falta de apoyo materno a los nióos y mas incidentes de abuso que a su vez estaban relacionados con mas sintomalogia relacionada con el abuso sexual y la colocaciän en cuidado sustituto. Los hallaz-gos son congruentes con estudios que indican que la transmisión intergeneracional del abuso no es inmutable y sugiere que el abuso de sustancias en la madré y el aislamiento emocional son variables mediadoras importantes entre la historia de abuso sexual en la madré y la respuesta al nifio abusado. Los resultados sugieren que las intervenciones dirigidas a las madrés no-ofensivas pueden ser importante para reducir la disfunción en los ninos y la colocación en hogares sustitutos después del abuso sexual.</description><subject>Adaptation, Psychological</subject><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adolescents</subject><subject>Analysis of Variance</subject><subject>Behavior</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Blacks</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child Abuse</subject><subject>Child abuse & neglect</subject><subject>Child Abuse, Sexual - psychology</subject><subject>Child Sexual Abuse</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>Childhood Factors</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Females</subject><subject>Foster Care</subject><subject>Foster Children</subject><subject>Foster Home Care</subject><subject>Foster placement</subject><subject>Girls</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Interpersonal Relations</subject><subject>Logistic Models</subject><subject>Maternal history</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Mother Attitudes</subject><subject>Mother-Child Relations</subject><subject>Mothers</subject><subject>Mothers - psychology</subject><subject>Parent Background</subject><subject>Placement</subject><subject>Psychological Factors</subject><subject>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</subject><subject>Psychopathology. Psychiatry</subject><subject>Sex crimes</subject><subject>Sexual Abuse</subject><subject>Sexually abused girls</subject><subject>Social Support</subject><subject>Social Support Groups</subject><subject>Substance Abuse</subject><subject>Substance-Related Disorders</subject><subject>Victimology</subject><issn>0145-2134</issn><issn>1873-7757</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1993</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>K30</sourceid><sourceid>7QJ</sourceid><sourceid>BHHNA</sourceid><recordid>eNqF0ctu1DAUBuAIgcq08AZUsqBCZRHwJb6tEKrKTZVYUNaW4xwzHiVxaicVfXuSmWgWSMDKss53ji9_UZwT_JZgIt59x6TiJSWsusTqjcIYi5I9KjZESVZKyeXjYnMkT4vTnHezwVzyk-JEUSWpUpsi3G4BhW6wbkTRo86OkHrbom3IY0wPyPYNqmFr70NMaBpij3zMs0FDax100I97YpvdlMf9NvQow6_Jtu3cXU8ZGvQzpDY_K55422Z4vq5nxY-P17dXn8ubb5--XH24KR2neiw997VvpCaY0dpar5zX4IhXdSWoJpZQrKmvhG8YxkooqwHLWlFdMec8r9hZ8fowd0jxboI8mi5kB21re4hTNoIIJjjHM7z8JyRSEEkwJ3SmL_-guzgt_5QNZZhIrYma0au_IcIwFVxqymbFD8qlmHMCb4YUOpseDMFmCdbsgzVLagYrsw_WLH3n6_Sp7qA5dq1JzvWLtW6zs61PtnchHxlTTIhqefSLA4MU3LF6_bWSXPPllPdreU7oPkAy2QXoHTQhgRtNE8N_7vkbo_PHaQ</recordid><startdate>19931101</startdate><enddate>19931101</enddate><creator>Leifer, Myra</creator><creator>Shapiro, Jeremy P.</creator><creator>Kassem, Layla</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><general>Elsevier Science</general><general>Pergamon Press</general><general>Elsevier Science Ltd</general><scope>7SW</scope><scope>BJH</scope><scope>BNH</scope><scope>BNI</scope><scope>BNJ</scope><scope>BNO</scope><scope>ERI</scope><scope>PET</scope><scope>REK</scope><scope>WWN</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>HGTKA</scope><scope>HZAIM</scope><scope>K30</scope><scope>PAAUG</scope><scope>PAWHS</scope><scope>PAWZZ</scope><scope>PAXOH</scope><scope>PBHAV</scope><scope>PBQSW</scope><scope>PBYQZ</scope><scope>PCIWU</scope><scope>PCMID</scope><scope>PCZJX</scope><scope>PDGRG</scope><scope>PDWWI</scope><scope>PETMR</scope><scope>PFVGT</scope><scope>PGXDX</scope><scope>PIHIL</scope><scope>PISVA</scope><scope>PJCTQ</scope><scope>PJTMS</scope><scope>PLCHJ</scope><scope>PMHAD</scope><scope>PNQDJ</scope><scope>POUND</scope><scope>PPLAD</scope><scope>PQAPC</scope><scope>PQCAN</scope><scope>PQCMW</scope><scope>PQEME</scope><scope>PQHKH</scope><scope>PQMID</scope><scope>PQNCT</scope><scope>PQNET</scope><scope>PQSCT</scope><scope>PQSET</scope><scope>PSVJG</scope><scope>PVMQY</scope><scope>PZGFC</scope><scope>7QJ</scope><scope>7U3</scope><scope>7U4</scope><scope>BHHNA</scope><scope>DWI</scope><scope>K7.</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>WZK</scope></search><sort><creationdate>19931101</creationdate><title>The impact of maternal history and behavior upon foster placement and adjustment in sexually abused girls</title><author>Leifer, Myra ; Shapiro, Jeremy P. ; Kassem, Layla</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c529t-f5fbfd791032baaf8cf9ec1f8b46291a12092f46fd300868a9e07b82943ccf543</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1993</creationdate><topic>Adaptation, Psychological</topic><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adolescents</topic><topic>Analysis of Variance</topic><topic>Behavior</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Blacks</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Child Abuse</topic><topic>Child abuse & neglect</topic><topic>Child Abuse, Sexual - psychology</topic><topic>Child Sexual Abuse</topic><topic>Child, Preschool</topic><topic>Childhood Factors</topic><topic>Children</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Females</topic><topic>Foster Care</topic><topic>Foster Children</topic><topic>Foster Home Care</topic><topic>Foster placement</topic><topic>Girls</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Interpersonal Relations</topic><topic>Logistic Models</topic><topic>Maternal history</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Mother Attitudes</topic><topic>Mother-Child Relations</topic><topic>Mothers</topic><topic>Mothers - psychology</topic><topic>Parent Background</topic><topic>Placement</topic><topic>Psychological Factors</topic><topic>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Psychopathology. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Sex crimes</topic><topic>Sexual Abuse</topic><topic>Sexually abused girls</topic><topic>Social Support</topic><topic>Social Support Groups</topic><topic>Substance Abuse</topic><topic>Substance-Related Disorders</topic><topic>Victimology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Leifer, Myra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shapiro, Jeremy P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kassem, Layla</creatorcontrib><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC (Ovid)</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC (Legacy Platform)</collection><collection>ERIC( SilverPlatter )</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC PlusText (Legacy Platform)</collection><collection>Education Resources Information Center (ERIC)</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online Segment 18</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online Segment 26</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - 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Maternal history of abuse and/or poor childhood attachment relationships were significantly related to current maternal substance abuse. Maternal substance abuse and dissatisfaction with social support were significantly associated with lack of maternal support to the child and more abuse incidents, which in turn were related to more sexual abuse-related symptomatology and placement in foster care. The findings are congruent with studies indicating that intergenerational transmission of abuse is not inevitable, and suggest that maternal substance abuse and social isolation are important mediating variables between maternal history of sexual abuse and response to the abused child. The findings suggest that interventions targeted to the nonoffending mothers may be important in reducing child dysfunction and placement in foster care in the aftermath of sexual abuse.
Cet article porte sur ľétude de mères dont les filles ont été victimes ďabus sexuels. Soixante-huit fillettes formaient ľéchantillon. Les auteurs ont enquêté sur la façon dont ľenfance des mères et leur niveau de fonctionnement courant influencent ľétat affectif de leurs filles et la prise de décision par rapport au placement des enfants en foyer ďaccueil. On a noté que les mères maltraitées en enfance et ayant vécu des liens ďattachement déficients étaient portées à la toxicomanie. La toxicomanie de la mère ainsi que son manque de relations ďapppui s'associent à des incidents de maltraitance plus fréquents. En retour, la maltraitance des fillettes leur occasionnent des symptômes typiques et mènent au placement en foyer ďaccueil. Ces constats confirment ďautres études et dénotent que la propagation ďune génération a ľautre n'est pas inévitable. Les conclusions suggèrent que la toxicomanie chez les mères et ľisolement social sont des variables intermédiaires par rapport à la mère et les abus sexuels de son enfant. Les constats portent à conclure que les interventions à ľintention de ces mères jouent un róle important pour diminuer la dysfonction chez ľenfant et le placement en foyer nourricier.
Este estudió investigó el impacto de la historia infantil de la madré no-ofensiva y su funcionamiento actual sobre el estado psicológico y las descisiones de custodia para 68 muchachas víctimas de abuso sexual. La historia de abuso en la madré y/o malas relaciones de apego en la niñez fueron significativamente relacionadas con el abuso de sustancias en la madré. El abuso de sustancias en la madré y la insatisfaccion con el apoyo social se asociaron significativamente con la falta de apoyo materno a los nióos y mas incidentes de abuso que a su vez estaban relacionados con mas sintomalogia relacionada con el abuso sexual y la colocaciän en cuidado sustituto. Los hallaz-gos son congruentes con estudios que indican que la transmisión intergeneracional del abuso no es inmutable y sugiere que el abuso de sustancias en la madré y el aislamiento emocional son variables mediadoras importantes entre la historia de abuso sexual en la madré y la respuesta al nifio abusado. Los resultados sugieren que las intervenciones dirigidas a las madrés no-ofensivas pueden ser importante para reducir la disfunción en los ninos y la colocación en hogares sustitutos después del abuso sexual.</abstract><cop>Oxford</cop><cop>New York, NY</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>8287288</pmid><doi>10.1016/S0145-2134(08)80006-3</doi><tpages>12</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0145-2134 |
| ispartof | Child abuse & neglect, 1993-11, Vol.17 (6), p.755-766 |
| issn | 0145-2134 1873-7757 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_61636550 |
| source | MEDLINE; Sociological Abstracts; Periodicals Index Online; Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA); Access via ScienceDirect (Elsevier) |
| subjects | Adaptation, Psychological Adolescent Adolescents Analysis of Variance Behavior Biological and medical sciences Blacks Child Child Abuse Child abuse & neglect Child Abuse, Sexual - psychology Child Sexual Abuse Child, Preschool Childhood Factors Children Female Females Foster Care Foster Children Foster Home Care Foster placement Girls Humans Interpersonal Relations Logistic Models Maternal history Medical sciences Mother Attitudes Mother-Child Relations Mothers Mothers - psychology Parent Background Placement Psychological Factors Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychopathology. Psychiatry Sex crimes Sexual Abuse Sexually abused girls Social Support Social Support Groups Substance Abuse Substance-Related Disorders Victimology |
| title | The impact of maternal history and behavior upon foster placement and adjustment in sexually abused girls |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-29T16%3A16%3A29IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The%20impact%20of%20maternal%20history%20and%20behavior%20upon%20foster%20placement%20and%20adjustment%20in%20sexually%20abused%20girls&rft.jtitle=Child%20abuse%20&%20neglect&rft.au=Leifer,%20Myra&rft.date=1993-11-01&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=6&rft.spage=755&rft.epage=766&rft.pages=755-766&rft.issn=0145-2134&rft.eissn=1873-7757&rft.coden=CABND3&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/S0145-2134(08)80006-3&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E1302657923%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1302657923&rft_id=info:pmid/8287288&rft_ericid=EJ475953&rft_els_id=S0145213408800063&rfr_iscdi=true |