An Appraisal of the Theory of Functional-Structural Differentiation of Religious Collectivities

The theory of functional-structural differentiation has been proposed as an explanation of such characteristics of American religious institutions as separation of church and state, denominationalism, voluntarism and privatism in religion. After considering certain formal problems of this theory the author derives three testable hypotheses from it. If differentiation has taken place, then in comparison with the past, contemporary American religious institutions (1) should be more preoccupied with the core goal-attainment functions of religion; (2) should possess a clearer institutional identity; (3) should have a more narrow conception of the minister's role. Using data from American church history and studies of contemporary American religion the author summarizes evidence contra these hypotheses. While contemporary religious institutions may be labeled as structurally differentiated, i.e., voluntary associations, they have more rather than fewer secondary functions than in the past, less a sense of special identity and a profusion of ministers' activities. A new model of differentiation as a process is necessary.