Medical Ethnocentrism and the Treatment of Addiction

The challenge is how to attain, how to maintain, and how to restore a unified concept of man in the face of the scattered data, facts and findings supplied by a compartmentalized science of man... What is dangerous is the attempt of a man who is an expert, say, in the field of biology, to understand and explain human beings exclusively in terms of biology. The same is true of psychology and sociology as well. At the moment at which totality is claimed, biology becomes biologism, psychology becomes psychologism, and sociology becomes sociologism. In other words, at that moment science is turned into ideology. Viktor E. Frankl. 1