Comorbid Dysthymia and Substance Disorder: Treatment History and Cost
Objective:The purpose of this study was to determine the treatment history and cost of previous treatment among patients with comorbid substance-related disorder and dysthymia, as compared to patients with substance-related disorder only. Method:Retrospective data were obtained regarding past treatm...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | The American journal of psychiatry 1998-11, Vol.155 (11), p.1556-1560 |
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| creator | Westermeyer, Joseph Eames, Sandra L. Nugent, Sean |
| description | Objective:The purpose of this study was to determine the treatment history and cost of previous treatment among patients with comorbid substance-related disorder and dysthymia, as compared to patients with substance-related disorder only. Method:Retrospective data were obtained regarding past treatment. Treatment cost was calculated on the basis of the 1996 cost of various treatment modalities. The setting was alcohol-drug programs located within departments of psychiatry in two centers. A total of 642 patients were assessed, of whom 39 had substance-related disorder and dysthymia and 308 had substance-related disorder only (the remaining patients had other comorbid conditions). Data collection instruments included an interview-based questionnaire regarding previous psychiatric and substance abuse treatment. Current cost of treatment in various settings was assessed on the basis of a survey of facilities used by patients in this area.Results:Patients with substance-related disorder and dysthymia had received more substance-related disorder treatment in 18 of 20 measures. Patients with substance-related disorder and dysthymia used 4.7 times more substance-related disorder treatment dollars than patients with substance-related disorder only, although their demographic characteristics were similar. Past self-help activities and pharmacotherapy were remarkably similar for both groups. Although substance-related disorder treatment differed considerably between the two groups of patients, other types of psychiatric treatment (i.e., non-substance-related treatment) did not differ between the two groups.Conclusions:Patients with substance-related disorder and dysthymia are referred to (or seek) substance-related disorder treatment more often than patients with substance-related disorder only but are referred to (or seek) non-substance-related psychiatric treatment no more often than patients with substance-related disorder only. The cost of previous substance-related disorder treatment was several times higher for the patients with substance-related disorder and dysthymia. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 1556-1560 |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1176/ajp.155.11.1556 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_57886225</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>57886225</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-a444t-8995d2bfca70934030ec28806a5b08f103d13187373d74cd5539b207be33081a3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp1kc9LwzAUx4Moc07PnoSi4slu-dE0qTfpphMGHpzgraRtih1tU5P00P_e1BUVwdOXL-_zXr55D4BzBOcIsXAhdu0cUerMIOEBmCJKqM8w5odgCiHEfkTJ2zE4MWbnLCQMT8Ak4gi7_ilYxapWOi1zb9kb-97XpfBEk3svXWqsaDLpLUujdC71nbfVUthaNtZbl8Yq3X-RsTL2FBwVojLybNQZeH1YbeO1v3l-fIrvN74IgsD6PIpojtMiEwxGJIAEygxzDkNBU8gLBEmOCOKMMJKzIMspJVGKIUslIZAjQWbgZj-31eqjk8YmdWkyWVWikaozCWWchxhTB17-AXeq043LlmAMAxbikDno6j8IUcQJcTkCRy32VKaVMVoWSavLWug-QTAZbpC4G7gG6swgoeu4GOd2aS3zb35cuqtfj3VhMlEV2u25ND9jQwdFwx9u95ho2_JXtH9e_QQBS5mL</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1518333734</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Comorbid Dysthymia and Substance Disorder: Treatment History and Cost</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>American Psychiatric Publishing Journals (1997-Present)</source><source>Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals</source><source>Periodicals Index Online</source><source>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</source><creator>Westermeyer, Joseph ; Eames, Sandra L. ; Nugent, Sean</creator><creatorcontrib>Westermeyer, Joseph ; Eames, Sandra L. ; Nugent, Sean</creatorcontrib><description>Objective:The purpose of this study was to determine the treatment history and cost of previous treatment among patients with comorbid substance-related disorder and dysthymia, as compared to patients with substance-related disorder only. Method:Retrospective data were obtained regarding past treatment. Treatment cost was calculated on the basis of the 1996 cost of various treatment modalities. The setting was alcohol-drug programs located within departments of psychiatry in two centers. A total of 642 patients were assessed, of whom 39 had substance-related disorder and dysthymia and 308 had substance-related disorder only (the remaining patients had other comorbid conditions). Data collection instruments included an interview-based questionnaire regarding previous psychiatric and substance abuse treatment. Current cost of treatment in various settings was assessed on the basis of a survey of facilities used by patients in this area.Results:Patients with substance-related disorder and dysthymia had received more substance-related disorder treatment in 18 of 20 measures. Patients with substance-related disorder and dysthymia used 4.7 times more substance-related disorder treatment dollars than patients with substance-related disorder only, although their demographic characteristics were similar. Past self-help activities and pharmacotherapy were remarkably similar for both groups. Although substance-related disorder treatment differed considerably between the two groups of patients, other types of psychiatric treatment (i.e., non-substance-related treatment) did not differ between the two groups.Conclusions:Patients with substance-related disorder and dysthymia are referred to (or seek) substance-related disorder treatment more often than patients with substance-related disorder only but are referred to (or seek) non-substance-related psychiatric treatment no more often than patients with substance-related disorder only. The cost of previous substance-related disorder treatment was several times higher for the patients with substance-related disorder and dysthymia. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 1556-1560</description><identifier>ISSN: 0002-953X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1535-7228</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1176/ajp.155.11.1556</identifier><identifier>PMID: 9812117</identifier><identifier>CODEN: AJPSAO</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing</publisher><subject>Adult ; Ambulatory Care - economics ; Biological and medical sciences ; Comorbidity ; Costs ; Depression ; Disulfiram - economics ; Disulfiram - therapeutic use ; Drug abuse ; Drug Costs ; Dysthymic Disorder - economics ; Dysthymic Disorder - epidemiology ; Dysthymic Disorder - therapy ; Female ; Halfway Houses - economics ; Health Care Costs ; Hospitalization - economics ; Humans ; Length of Stay - economics ; Male ; Medical history ; Medical sciences ; Mental disorders ; Mental health ; Methadone - economics ; Methadone - therapeutic use ; Organization of mental health. Health systems ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care ; Psychiatry ; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry ; Psychopathology. Psychiatry ; Retrospective Studies ; Social psychiatry. Ethnopsychiatry ; Substance abusers ; Substance-Related Disorders - economics ; Substance-Related Disorders - epidemiology ; Substance-Related Disorders - therapy ; Therapeutic Community ; Treatment ; USA</subject><ispartof>The American journal of psychiatry, 1998-11, Vol.155 (11), p.1556-1560</ispartof><rights>1999 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright American Psychiatric Association Nov 1998</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a444t-8995d2bfca70934030ec28806a5b08f103d13187373d74cd5539b207be33081a3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a444t-8995d2bfca70934030ec28806a5b08f103d13187373d74cd5539b207be33081a3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://psychiatryonline.org/doi/epdf/10.1176/ajp.155.11.1556$$EPDF$$P50$$Gappi$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/ajp.155.11.1556$$EHTML$$P50$$Gappi$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,2841,21606,21607,21608,27848,27903,27904,30979,77540,77545</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=1611795$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9812117$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Westermeyer, Joseph</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eames, Sandra L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nugent, Sean</creatorcontrib><title>Comorbid Dysthymia and Substance Disorder: Treatment History and Cost</title><title>The American journal of psychiatry</title><addtitle>Am J Psychiatry</addtitle><description>Objective:The purpose of this study was to determine the treatment history and cost of previous treatment among patients with comorbid substance-related disorder and dysthymia, as compared to patients with substance-related disorder only. Method:Retrospective data were obtained regarding past treatment. Treatment cost was calculated on the basis of the 1996 cost of various treatment modalities. The setting was alcohol-drug programs located within departments of psychiatry in two centers. A total of 642 patients were assessed, of whom 39 had substance-related disorder and dysthymia and 308 had substance-related disorder only (the remaining patients had other comorbid conditions). Data collection instruments included an interview-based questionnaire regarding previous psychiatric and substance abuse treatment. Current cost of treatment in various settings was assessed on the basis of a survey of facilities used by patients in this area.Results:Patients with substance-related disorder and dysthymia had received more substance-related disorder treatment in 18 of 20 measures. Patients with substance-related disorder and dysthymia used 4.7 times more substance-related disorder treatment dollars than patients with substance-related disorder only, although their demographic characteristics were similar. Past self-help activities and pharmacotherapy were remarkably similar for both groups. Although substance-related disorder treatment differed considerably between the two groups of patients, other types of psychiatric treatment (i.e., non-substance-related treatment) did not differ between the two groups.Conclusions:Patients with substance-related disorder and dysthymia are referred to (or seek) substance-related disorder treatment more often than patients with substance-related disorder only but are referred to (or seek) non-substance-related psychiatric treatment no more often than patients with substance-related disorder only. The cost of previous substance-related disorder treatment was several times higher for the patients with substance-related disorder and dysthymia. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 1556-1560</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Ambulatory Care - economics</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Comorbidity</subject><subject>Costs</subject><subject>Depression</subject><subject>Disulfiram - economics</subject><subject>Disulfiram - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Drug abuse</subject><subject>Drug Costs</subject><subject>Dysthymic Disorder - economics</subject><subject>Dysthymic Disorder - epidemiology</subject><subject>Dysthymic Disorder - therapy</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Halfway Houses - economics</subject><subject>Health Care Costs</subject><subject>Hospitalization - economics</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Length of Stay - economics</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical history</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Mental disorders</subject><subject>Mental health</subject><subject>Methadone - economics</subject><subject>Methadone - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Organization of mental health. Health systems</subject><subject>Patient Acceptance of Health Care</subject><subject>Psychiatry</subject><subject>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</subject><subject>Psychopathology. Psychiatry</subject><subject>Retrospective Studies</subject><subject>Social psychiatry. Ethnopsychiatry</subject><subject>Substance abusers</subject><subject>Substance-Related Disorders - economics</subject><subject>Substance-Related Disorders - epidemiology</subject><subject>Substance-Related Disorders - therapy</subject><subject>Therapeutic Community</subject><subject>Treatment</subject><subject>USA</subject><issn>0002-953X</issn><issn>1535-7228</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1998</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>K30</sourceid><sourceid>7QJ</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kc9LwzAUx4Moc07PnoSi4slu-dE0qTfpphMGHpzgraRtih1tU5P00P_e1BUVwdOXL-_zXr55D4BzBOcIsXAhdu0cUerMIOEBmCJKqM8w5odgCiHEfkTJ2zE4MWbnLCQMT8Ak4gi7_ilYxapWOi1zb9kb-97XpfBEk3svXWqsaDLpLUujdC71nbfVUthaNtZbl8Yq3X-RsTL2FBwVojLybNQZeH1YbeO1v3l-fIrvN74IgsD6PIpojtMiEwxGJIAEygxzDkNBU8gLBEmOCOKMMJKzIMspJVGKIUslIZAjQWbgZj-31eqjk8YmdWkyWVWikaozCWWchxhTB17-AXeq043LlmAMAxbikDno6j8IUcQJcTkCRy32VKaVMVoWSavLWug-QTAZbpC4G7gG6swgoeu4GOd2aS3zb35cuqtfj3VhMlEV2u25ND9jQwdFwx9u95ho2_JXtH9e_QQBS5mL</recordid><startdate>19981101</startdate><enddate>19981101</enddate><creator>Westermeyer, Joseph</creator><creator>Eames, Sandra L.</creator><creator>Nugent, Sean</creator><general>American Psychiatric Publishing</general><general>American Psychiatric Association</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>HAWNG</scope><scope>HBMBR</scope><scope>IBDFT</scope><scope>K30</scope><scope>PAAUG</scope><scope>PAWHS</scope><scope>PAWZZ</scope><scope>PAXOH</scope><scope>PBHAV</scope><scope>PBQSW</scope><scope>PBYQZ</scope><scope>PCIWU</scope><scope>PCMID</scope><scope>PCZJX</scope><scope>PDGRG</scope><scope>PDWWI</scope><scope>PETMR</scope><scope>PFVGT</scope><scope>PGXDX</scope><scope>PIHIL</scope><scope>PISVA</scope><scope>PJCTQ</scope><scope>PJTMS</scope><scope>PLCHJ</scope><scope>PMHAD</scope><scope>PNQDJ</scope><scope>POUND</scope><scope>PPLAD</scope><scope>PQAPC</scope><scope>PQCAN</scope><scope>PQCMW</scope><scope>PQEME</scope><scope>PQHKH</scope><scope>PQMID</scope><scope>PQNCT</scope><scope>PQNET</scope><scope>PQSCT</scope><scope>PQSET</scope><scope>PSVJG</scope><scope>PVMQY</scope><scope>PZGFC</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>7QJ</scope></search><sort><creationdate>19981101</creationdate><title>Comorbid Dysthymia and Substance Disorder: Treatment History and Cost</title><author>Westermeyer, Joseph ; Eames, Sandra L. ; Nugent, Sean</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a444t-8995d2bfca70934030ec28806a5b08f103d13187373d74cd5539b207be33081a3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1998</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Ambulatory Care - economics</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Comorbidity</topic><topic>Costs</topic><topic>Depression</topic><topic>Disulfiram - economics</topic><topic>Disulfiram - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Drug abuse</topic><topic>Drug Costs</topic><topic>Dysthymic Disorder - economics</topic><topic>Dysthymic Disorder - epidemiology</topic><topic>Dysthymic Disorder - therapy</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Halfway Houses - economics</topic><topic>Health Care Costs</topic><topic>Hospitalization - economics</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Length of Stay - economics</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical history</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Mental disorders</topic><topic>Mental health</topic><topic>Methadone - economics</topic><topic>Methadone - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Organization of mental health. Health systems</topic><topic>Patient Acceptance of Health Care</topic><topic>Psychiatry</topic><topic>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Psychopathology. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Retrospective Studies</topic><topic>Social psychiatry. Ethnopsychiatry</topic><topic>Substance abusers</topic><topic>Substance-Related Disorders - economics</topic><topic>Substance-Related Disorders - epidemiology</topic><topic>Substance-Related Disorders - therapy</topic><topic>Therapeutic Community</topic><topic>Treatment</topic><topic>USA</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Westermeyer, Joseph</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eames, Sandra L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nugent, Sean</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online Segment 13</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online Segment 14</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online Segment 27</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - West</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - International</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - MEA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Midwest</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Northeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Southeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - North Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Southeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - South Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - UK / I</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Canada</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - EMEALA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - North Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - South Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - International</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - International</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - West</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online Segments 1-50</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - APAC</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Midwest</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - MEA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Canada</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - UK / I</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - EMEALA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - APAC</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - Canada</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - West</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - EMEALA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Northeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - Midwest</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - North Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - Northeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - South Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - Southeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - UK / I</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - APAC</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - MEA</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</collection><jtitle>The American journal of psychiatry</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Westermeyer, Joseph</au><au>Eames, Sandra L.</au><au>Nugent, Sean</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Comorbid Dysthymia and Substance Disorder: Treatment History and Cost</atitle><jtitle>The American journal of psychiatry</jtitle><addtitle>Am J Psychiatry</addtitle><date>1998-11-01</date><risdate>1998</risdate><volume>155</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>1556</spage><epage>1560</epage><pages>1556-1560</pages><issn>0002-953X</issn><eissn>1535-7228</eissn><coden>AJPSAO</coden><abstract>Objective:The purpose of this study was to determine the treatment history and cost of previous treatment among patients with comorbid substance-related disorder and dysthymia, as compared to patients with substance-related disorder only. Method:Retrospective data were obtained regarding past treatment. Treatment cost was calculated on the basis of the 1996 cost of various treatment modalities. The setting was alcohol-drug programs located within departments of psychiatry in two centers. A total of 642 patients were assessed, of whom 39 had substance-related disorder and dysthymia and 308 had substance-related disorder only (the remaining patients had other comorbid conditions). Data collection instruments included an interview-based questionnaire regarding previous psychiatric and substance abuse treatment. Current cost of treatment in various settings was assessed on the basis of a survey of facilities used by patients in this area.Results:Patients with substance-related disorder and dysthymia had received more substance-related disorder treatment in 18 of 20 measures. Patients with substance-related disorder and dysthymia used 4.7 times more substance-related disorder treatment dollars than patients with substance-related disorder only, although their demographic characteristics were similar. Past self-help activities and pharmacotherapy were remarkably similar for both groups. Although substance-related disorder treatment differed considerably between the two groups of patients, other types of psychiatric treatment (i.e., non-substance-related treatment) did not differ between the two groups.Conclusions:Patients with substance-related disorder and dysthymia are referred to (or seek) substance-related disorder treatment more often than patients with substance-related disorder only but are referred to (or seek) non-substance-related psychiatric treatment no more often than patients with substance-related disorder only. The cost of previous substance-related disorder treatment was several times higher for the patients with substance-related disorder and dysthymia. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 1556-1560</abstract><cop>Washington, DC</cop><pub>American Psychiatric Publishing</pub><pmid>9812117</pmid><doi>10.1176/ajp.155.11.1556</doi><tpages>5</tpages></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; American Psychiatric Publishing Journals (1997-Present); Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Periodicals Index Online; Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA) |
| subjects | Adult Ambulatory Care - economics Biological and medical sciences Comorbidity Costs Depression Disulfiram - economics Disulfiram - therapeutic use Drug abuse Drug Costs Dysthymic Disorder - economics Dysthymic Disorder - epidemiology Dysthymic Disorder - therapy Female Halfway Houses - economics Health Care Costs Hospitalization - economics Humans Length of Stay - economics Male Medical history Medical sciences Mental disorders Mental health Methadone - economics Methadone - therapeutic use Organization of mental health. Health systems Patient Acceptance of Health Care Psychiatry Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychopathology. Psychiatry Retrospective Studies Social psychiatry. Ethnopsychiatry Substance abusers Substance-Related Disorders - economics Substance-Related Disorders - epidemiology Substance-Related Disorders - therapy Therapeutic Community Treatment USA |
| title | Comorbid Dysthymia and Substance Disorder: Treatment History and Cost |
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