Follow-up of Children from Academic and Cognitive Preschool Curricula at Age 9
This study reports on cognitive, academic, and social outcomes at age 9 years for a group of 141 children who participated in two highly contrasting early intervention programs, mediated learning (ML) and direct instruction (DI). Consistent with results at the end of intervention, no main-effect dif...
Gespeichert in:
Veröffentlicht in: | Exceptional children 1995-02, Vol.61 (4), p.378-393 |
---|---|
Hauptverfasser: | , , , |
Format: | Artikel |
Sprache: | eng |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
container_end_page | 393 |
---|---|
container_issue | 4 |
container_start_page | 378 |
container_title | Exceptional children |
container_volume | 61 |
creator | Mills, Paulette E. Dale, Philip S. Cole, Kevin N. Jenkins, Joseph R. |
description | This study reports on cognitive, academic, and social outcomes at age 9 years for a group of 141 children who participated in two highly contrasting early intervention programs, mediated learning (ML) and direct instruction (DI). Consistent with results at the end of intervention, no main-effect differences between the two groups were obtained. Also consistent with earlier results, there were several significant aptitude-by-treatment interactions. Initially higher performing children at pretest gained more from DI, whereas initially lower performing children gained more from ML. These interactions, of the same magnitude of those observed several years earlier, appear to reflect an enduring effect of the early programs. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1177/001440299506100406 |
format | Article |
fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>gale_proqu</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_57678953</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A16541825</galeid><ericid>EJ497634</ericid><sage_id>10.1177_001440299506100406</sage_id><sourcerecordid>A16541825</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c528t-e9663b618900a110e3c4cb3ae186858375b564d93c8d75091690edf7e354d19e3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp10sFu1DAQANAIgcRS-AHEwYLSE6HjOHbs4ypqKagCDnCOvM4k68prL3YC4u_xKquqQHuy5HkztsdTFC8pvKe0ac4BaF1DpRQHQQFqEI-KVUUFKzkX8LhYHUB5EE-LZyndAIAADqvi82VwLvwq5z0JA2m31vURPRli2JG10T3urCHa96QNo7eT_Ynka8RktiE40s4xWjM7TfRE1iMS9bx4MmiX8MVxPSm-X158a6_K6y8fPrbr69LwSk4lKiHYRlCpADSlgMzUZsM0Uikkl6zhGy7qXjEj-4aDokIB9kODjNc9VchOirOl7j6GHzOmqdvZZNA57THMqeONaKTiLMPX_8CbMEef79ZVQCua29Zk9OYhRFkmEriErN4tatQOO-uHMEVtRvQYtQseB5u311TwmsqKZ17ew_Wxp_f5t3f8FrWbtim4ebLBp79ctTgTQ0oRh24f7U7H3x2F7jAM3f_DkJNOjy_UyWg3RO2NTbeZjEkh6KH2q4Vh_tfb6MWnWjWC1Tl8voSTHvFOjx4-9w9awMRZ</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>201211447</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Follow-up of Children from Academic and Cognitive Preschool Curricula at Age 9</title><source>Periodicals Index Online</source><source>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</source><source>EBSCOhost Education Source</source><creator>Mills, Paulette E. ; Dale, Philip S. ; Cole, Kevin N. ; Jenkins, Joseph R.</creator><creatorcontrib>Mills, Paulette E. ; Dale, Philip S. ; Cole, Kevin N. ; Jenkins, Joseph R.</creatorcontrib><description>This study reports on cognitive, academic, and social outcomes at age 9 years for a group of 141 children who participated in two highly contrasting early intervention programs, mediated learning (ML) and direct instruction (DI). Consistent with results at the end of intervention, no main-effect differences between the two groups were obtained. Also consistent with earlier results, there were several significant aptitude-by-treatment interactions. Initially higher performing children at pretest gained more from DI, whereas initially lower performing children gained more from ML. These interactions, of the same magnitude of those observed several years earlier, appear to reflect an enduring effect of the early programs.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0014-4029</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2163-5560</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1177/001440299506100406</identifier><identifier>CODEN: EXCCAJ</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications</publisher><subject>Academic Achievement ; Aptitude Treatment Interaction ; Biological and medical sciences ; Children ; Children & youth ; Cognition & reasoning ; Curricula ; Curriculum ; Curriculum change ; Direct Instruction ; Early Intervention ; Early intervention programmes ; Elementary Education ; Followup Studies ; Instructional Effectiveness ; Mediated Instruction ; Mediated learning ; Medical sciences ; Preschool children ; Preschool Education ; Program Effectiveness ; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry ; Psychopathology. Psychiatry ; Social research ; Special education ; Special education. Orthophony ; Special Needs Students ; Student Development ; Thinking Skills ; Treatments ; Young Children</subject><ispartof>Exceptional children, 1995-02, Vol.61 (4), p.378-393</ispartof><rights>1995 Council for Exceptional Children</rights><rights>1995 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 1995 Sage Publications, Inc.</rights><rights>Copyright Council for Exceptional Children Feb 1995</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c528t-e9663b618900a110e3c4cb3ae186858375b564d93c8d75091690edf7e354d19e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c528t-e9663b618900a110e3c4cb3ae186858375b564d93c8d75091690edf7e354d19e3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27869,27924,27925,31000</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ497634$$DView record in ERIC$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=3386615$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Mills, Paulette E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dale, Philip S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cole, Kevin N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jenkins, Joseph R.</creatorcontrib><title>Follow-up of Children from Academic and Cognitive Preschool Curricula at Age 9</title><title>Exceptional children</title><description>This study reports on cognitive, academic, and social outcomes at age 9 years for a group of 141 children who participated in two highly contrasting early intervention programs, mediated learning (ML) and direct instruction (DI). Consistent with results at the end of intervention, no main-effect differences between the two groups were obtained. Also consistent with earlier results, there were several significant aptitude-by-treatment interactions. Initially higher performing children at pretest gained more from DI, whereas initially lower performing children gained more from ML. These interactions, of the same magnitude of those observed several years earlier, appear to reflect an enduring effect of the early programs.</description><subject>Academic Achievement</subject><subject>Aptitude Treatment Interaction</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Children & youth</subject><subject>Cognition & reasoning</subject><subject>Curricula</subject><subject>Curriculum</subject><subject>Curriculum change</subject><subject>Direct Instruction</subject><subject>Early Intervention</subject><subject>Early intervention programmes</subject><subject>Elementary Education</subject><subject>Followup Studies</subject><subject>Instructional Effectiveness</subject><subject>Mediated Instruction</subject><subject>Mediated learning</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Preschool children</subject><subject>Preschool Education</subject><subject>Program Effectiveness</subject><subject>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</subject><subject>Psychopathology. Psychiatry</subject><subject>Social research</subject><subject>Special education</subject><subject>Special education. Orthophony</subject><subject>Special Needs Students</subject><subject>Student Development</subject><subject>Thinking Skills</subject><subject>Treatments</subject><subject>Young Children</subject><issn>0014-4029</issn><issn>2163-5560</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1995</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>K30</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><sourceid>7QJ</sourceid><recordid>eNp10sFu1DAQANAIgcRS-AHEwYLSE6HjOHbs4ypqKagCDnCOvM4k68prL3YC4u_xKquqQHuy5HkztsdTFC8pvKe0ac4BaF1DpRQHQQFqEI-KVUUFKzkX8LhYHUB5EE-LZyndAIAADqvi82VwLvwq5z0JA2m31vURPRli2JG10T3urCHa96QNo7eT_Ynka8RktiE40s4xWjM7TfRE1iMS9bx4MmiX8MVxPSm-X158a6_K6y8fPrbr69LwSk4lKiHYRlCpADSlgMzUZsM0Uikkl6zhGy7qXjEj-4aDokIB9kODjNc9VchOirOl7j6GHzOmqdvZZNA57THMqeONaKTiLMPX_8CbMEef79ZVQCua29Zk9OYhRFkmEriErN4tatQOO-uHMEVtRvQYtQseB5u311TwmsqKZ17ew_Wxp_f5t3f8FrWbtim4ebLBp79ctTgTQ0oRh24f7U7H3x2F7jAM3f_DkJNOjy_UyWg3RO2NTbeZjEkh6KH2q4Vh_tfb6MWnWjWC1Tl8voSTHvFOjx4-9w9awMRZ</recordid><startdate>19950201</startdate><enddate>19950201</enddate><creator>Mills, Paulette E.</creator><creator>Dale, Philip S.</creator><creator>Cole, Kevin N.</creator><creator>Jenkins, Joseph R.</creator><general>SAGE Publications</general><general>Council for Exceptional Children</general><general>Sage Publications, Inc</general><general>SAGE PUBLICATIONS, INC</general><scope>7SW</scope><scope>BJH</scope><scope>BNH</scope><scope>BNI</scope><scope>BNJ</scope><scope>BNO</scope><scope>ERI</scope><scope>PET</scope><scope>REK</scope><scope>WWN</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>JTYFY</scope><scope>K30</scope><scope>PAAUG</scope><scope>PAWHS</scope><scope>PAWZZ</scope><scope>PAXOH</scope><scope>PBHAV</scope><scope>PBQSW</scope><scope>PBYQZ</scope><scope>PCIWU</scope><scope>PCMID</scope><scope>PCZJX</scope><scope>PDGRG</scope><scope>PDWWI</scope><scope>PETMR</scope><scope>PFVGT</scope><scope>PGXDX</scope><scope>PIHIL</scope><scope>PISVA</scope><scope>PJCTQ</scope><scope>PJTMS</scope><scope>PLCHJ</scope><scope>PMHAD</scope><scope>PNQDJ</scope><scope>POUND</scope><scope>PPLAD</scope><scope>PQAPC</scope><scope>PQCAN</scope><scope>PQCMW</scope><scope>PQEME</scope><scope>PQHKH</scope><scope>PQMID</scope><scope>PQNCT</scope><scope>PQNET</scope><scope>PQSCT</scope><scope>PQSET</scope><scope>PSVJG</scope><scope>PVMQY</scope><scope>PZGFC</scope><scope>0-V</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>4T-</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88B</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88G</scope><scope>88J</scope><scope>8A4</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ALSLI</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>CJNVE</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>K9-</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0P</scope><scope>M0R</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2M</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M2R</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>PADUT</scope><scope>PQEDU</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>S0X</scope><scope>7QJ</scope></search><sort><creationdate>19950201</creationdate><title>Follow-up of Children from Academic and Cognitive Preschool Curricula at Age 9</title><author>Mills, Paulette E. ; Dale, Philip S. ; Cole, Kevin N. ; Jenkins, Joseph R.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c528t-e9663b618900a110e3c4cb3ae186858375b564d93c8d75091690edf7e354d19e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1995</creationdate><topic>Academic Achievement</topic><topic>Aptitude Treatment Interaction</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Children</topic><topic>Children & youth</topic><topic>Cognition & reasoning</topic><topic>Curricula</topic><topic>Curriculum</topic><topic>Curriculum change</topic><topic>Direct Instruction</topic><topic>Early Intervention</topic><topic>Early intervention programmes</topic><topic>Elementary Education</topic><topic>Followup Studies</topic><topic>Instructional Effectiveness</topic><topic>Mediated Instruction</topic><topic>Mediated learning</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Preschool children</topic><topic>Preschool Education</topic><topic>Program Effectiveness</topic><topic>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Psychopathology. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Social research</topic><topic>Special education</topic><topic>Special education. Orthophony</topic><topic>Special Needs Students</topic><topic>Student Development</topic><topic>Thinking Skills</topic><topic>Treatments</topic><topic>Young Children</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Mills, Paulette E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dale, Philip S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cole, Kevin N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jenkins, Joseph R.</creatorcontrib><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC (Ovid)</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC (Legacy Platform)</collection><collection>ERIC( SilverPlatter )</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC PlusText (Legacy Platform)</collection><collection>Education Resources Information Center (ERIC)</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online Segment 37</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - West</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - International</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - MEA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Midwest</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Northeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Southeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - North Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Southeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - South Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - UK / I</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Canada</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - EMEALA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - North Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - South Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - International</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - International</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - West</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online Segments 1-50</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - APAC</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Midwest</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - MEA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Canada</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - UK / I</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - EMEALA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - APAC</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - Canada</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - West</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - EMEALA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Northeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - Midwest</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - North Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - Northeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - South Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - Southeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - UK / I</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - APAC</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - MEA</collection><collection>ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Docstoc</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Education Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Psychology Database (Alumni)</collection><collection>Social Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Education Periodicals</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Social Science Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>eLibrary</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Education Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Education Database</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Psychology Database</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Social Science Database</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Research Library China</collection><collection>ProQuest One Education</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>SIRS Editorial</collection><collection>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</collection><jtitle>Exceptional children</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Mills, Paulette E.</au><au>Dale, Philip S.</au><au>Cole, Kevin N.</au><au>Jenkins, Joseph R.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><ericid>EJ497634</ericid><atitle>Follow-up of Children from Academic and Cognitive Preschool Curricula at Age 9</atitle><jtitle>Exceptional children</jtitle><date>1995-02-01</date><risdate>1995</risdate><volume>61</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>378</spage><epage>393</epage><pages>378-393</pages><issn>0014-4029</issn><eissn>2163-5560</eissn><coden>EXCCAJ</coden><abstract>This study reports on cognitive, academic, and social outcomes at age 9 years for a group of 141 children who participated in two highly contrasting early intervention programs, mediated learning (ML) and direct instruction (DI). Consistent with results at the end of intervention, no main-effect differences between the two groups were obtained. Also consistent with earlier results, there were several significant aptitude-by-treatment interactions. Initially higher performing children at pretest gained more from DI, whereas initially lower performing children gained more from ML. These interactions, of the same magnitude of those observed several years earlier, appear to reflect an enduring effect of the early programs.</abstract><cop>Los Angeles, CA</cop><pub>SAGE Publications</pub><doi>10.1177/001440299506100406</doi><tpages>16</tpages></addata></record> |
fulltext | fulltext |
identifier | ISSN: 0014-4029 |
ispartof | Exceptional children, 1995-02, Vol.61 (4), p.378-393 |
issn | 0014-4029 2163-5560 |
language | eng |
recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_57678953 |
source | Periodicals Index Online; Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA); EBSCOhost Education Source |
subjects | Academic Achievement Aptitude Treatment Interaction Biological and medical sciences Children Children & youth Cognition & reasoning Curricula Curriculum Curriculum change Direct Instruction Early Intervention Early intervention programmes Elementary Education Followup Studies Instructional Effectiveness Mediated Instruction Mediated learning Medical sciences Preschool children Preschool Education Program Effectiveness Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychopathology. Psychiatry Social research Special education Special education. Orthophony Special Needs Students Student Development Thinking Skills Treatments Young Children |
title | Follow-up of Children from Academic and Cognitive Preschool Curricula at Age 9 |
url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-20T00%3A43%3A50IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_proqu&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Follow-up%20of%20Children%20from%20Academic%20and%20Cognitive%20Preschool%20Curricula%20at%20Age%209&rft.jtitle=Exceptional%20children&rft.au=Mills,%20Paulette%20E.&rft.date=1995-02-01&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.spage=378&rft.epage=393&rft.pages=378-393&rft.issn=0014-4029&rft.eissn=2163-5560&rft.coden=EXCCAJ&rft_id=info:doi/10.1177/001440299506100406&rft_dat=%3Cgale_proqu%3EA16541825%3C/gale_proqu%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=201211447&rft_id=info:pmid/&rft_galeid=A16541825&rft_ericid=EJ497634&rft_sage_id=10.1177_001440299506100406&rfr_iscdi=true |