A re-examination of the mechanism and human impact of catastrophic mass flows originating on Nevado Huascarán, Cordillera Blanca, Peru in 1962 and 1970

The 1962 and 1970 Huascarán mass movements, originated as rock/ice falls from the mountain's North Peak, transformed into higher-volume high-velocity mud-rich debris flows by incorporation of snow from the surface of a glacier below Huascarán and the substantial entrainment of morainic and coll...

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Veröffentlicht in:Engineering geology 2009-09, Vol.108 (1), p.96-118
Hauptverfasser: Evans, Stephen G., Bishop, Nicholas F., Fidel Smoll, Lionel, Valderrama Murillo, Patricio, Delaney, Keith B., Oliver-Smith, Anthony
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container_end_page 118
container_issue 1
container_start_page 96
container_title Engineering geology
container_volume 108
creator Evans, Stephen G.
Bishop, Nicholas F.
Fidel Smoll, Lionel
Valderrama Murillo, Patricio
Delaney, Keith B.
Oliver-Smith, Anthony
description The 1962 and 1970 Huascarán mass movements, originated as rock/ice falls from the mountain's North Peak, transformed into higher-volume high-velocity mud-rich debris flows by incorporation of snow from the surface of a glacier below Huascarán and the substantial entrainment of morainic and colluvial material from slopes below the glacier terminus. Water for fluidization of the entrained material originated in the melting of incorporated snow and the liberation of soil moisture contained within the entrained materials. Eyewitness reports indicate very high mean velocities for the events; 17–35 m/s (1962) and 50–85 m/s (1970). The runout distances and velocity profiles of both events were simulated using DAN/W. Both mass movements continued downstream in the Rio Santa as debris floods (aluviones) that in 1970 reached the Pacific at a distance of 180 km. In strong contrast to publications in the geosciences literature, 1961 Peru Census data indicates that the death toll of the 1970 event is ca. 6000 and that total life loss in the two events did not exceed 7000 people.
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.06.020
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source Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals Complete
subjects Andes
Applied sciences
Buildings. Public works
Debris flow
Earth sciences
Earth, ocean, space
Engineering and environment geology. Geothermics
Exact sciences and technology
Geotechnics
Huascarán
Ice fall
Landslide disaster
Natural hazards: prediction, damages, etc
Peru
Rock fall
Soil mechanics. Rocks mechanics
Water effect, drainage, ground water lowering, filtration
title A re-examination of the mechanism and human impact of catastrophic mass flows originating on Nevado Huascarán, Cordillera Blanca, Peru in 1962 and 1970
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