Volatile disinfection by-product analysis from chlorinated indoor swimming pools
Chlorination of indoor swimming pools is practiced for disinfection and oxidation of reduced compounds that are introduced to water by swimmers. However, there is growing concern associated with formation for chlorinated disinfection by-products (DBPs) in these settings. Volatile DBPs are of particu...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Water research (Oxford) 2009-07, Vol.43 (13), p.3308-3318 |
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| creator | Weaver, William A. Li, Jing Wen, Yuli Johnston, Jessica Blatchley, Michael R. Blatchley, Ernest R. |
| description | Chlorination of indoor swimming pools is practiced for disinfection and oxidation of reduced compounds that are introduced to water by swimmers. However, there is growing concern associated with formation for chlorinated disinfection by-products (DBPs) in these settings. Volatile DBPs are of particular concern because they may promote respiratory ailments and other adverse health effects among swimmers and patrons of indoor pool facilities. To examine the scope of this issue, water samples were collected from 11 pools over a 6
month period and analyzed for free chlorine and their volatile DBP content. Eleven volatile DBPs were identified: monochloramine (NH
2Cl), dichloramine (NHCl
2), trichloramine (NCl
3), chloroform (CHCl
3), bromoform (CHBr
3), dichlorobromomethane (CHBrCl
2), dibromochloromethane (CHBr
2Cl), cyanogen chloride (CNCl), cyanogen bromide (CNBr), dichloroacetonitrile (CNCHCl
2), and dichloromethylamine (CH
3NCl
2). Of these 11 DBPs, 10 were identified as regularly occurring, with CHBrCl
2 only appearing sporadically. Pool water samples were analyzed for residual chlorine compounds using the DPD colorimetric method and by membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS). These two methods were chosen as complementary measures of residual chlorine, and to allow for comparisons between the methods. The DPD method was demonstrated to consistently overestimate inorganic chloramine content in swimming pools. Pairwise correlations among the measured volatile DBPs allowed identification of dichloromethylamine and dichloroacetonitrile as potential swimming pool water quality indicator compounds. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.watres.2009.04.035 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_34542647</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><els_id>S0043135409002759</els_id><sourcerecordid>20683547</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c476t-80ca3ee59bcf764cc8a42cc7f1914bcc75623d3a64c2d649d3337abcd5d17e173</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkUtv1DAQgC1ERZfCP0CQC9wSxo84yQWpqnhUqlQkKFfLsZ3ilWMvnizV_nu8ygpu9DQjzTcPfUPIKwoNBSrfb5sHvWSHDQMYGhAN8PYJ2dC-G2omRP-UbAAErylvxTl5jrgFAMb48Iyc06GFAvIN-fojBb344Crr0cfJmcWnWI2HepeT3Zul0lGHA3qsppzmyvwMKfuoF2crH21KucIHP88-3le7lAK-IGeTDuhenuIFufv08fvVl_rm9vP11eVNbUQnl7oHo7lz7TCaqZPCmF4LZkw30YGKsSStZNxyXUrMSjFYznmnR2NbSztHO35B3q1zy52_9g4XNXs0LgQdXdqj4qIVTIrHQQayL4qOoFhBkxNidpPaZT_rfFAU1FG52qpVuToqVyBUUV7aXp_m78fZ2X9NJ8cFeHsCNBodpqyj8fiXY7RjTLLj_jcrN-mk9H0uzN03BpSX1RLYQAvxYSVcEfvbu6zQeBeNsz6Xxymb_P9v_QPCMavK</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>20683547</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Volatile disinfection by-product analysis from chlorinated indoor swimming pools</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals</source><creator>Weaver, William A. ; Li, Jing ; Wen, Yuli ; Johnston, Jessica ; Blatchley, Michael R. ; Blatchley, Ernest R.</creator><creatorcontrib>Weaver, William A. ; Li, Jing ; Wen, Yuli ; Johnston, Jessica ; Blatchley, Michael R. ; Blatchley, Ernest R.</creatorcontrib><description>Chlorination of indoor swimming pools is practiced for disinfection and oxidation of reduced compounds that are introduced to water by swimmers. However, there is growing concern associated with formation for chlorinated disinfection by-products (DBPs) in these settings. Volatile DBPs are of particular concern because they may promote respiratory ailments and other adverse health effects among swimmers and patrons of indoor pool facilities. To examine the scope of this issue, water samples were collected from 11 pools over a 6
month period and analyzed for free chlorine and their volatile DBP content. Eleven volatile DBPs were identified: monochloramine (NH
2Cl), dichloramine (NHCl
2), trichloramine (NCl
3), chloroform (CHCl
3), bromoform (CHBr
3), dichlorobromomethane (CHBrCl
2), dibromochloromethane (CHBr
2Cl), cyanogen chloride (CNCl), cyanogen bromide (CNBr), dichloroacetonitrile (CNCHCl
2), and dichloromethylamine (CH
3NCl
2). Of these 11 DBPs, 10 were identified as regularly occurring, with CHBrCl
2 only appearing sporadically. Pool water samples were analyzed for residual chlorine compounds using the DPD colorimetric method and by membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS). These two methods were chosen as complementary measures of residual chlorine, and to allow for comparisons between the methods. The DPD method was demonstrated to consistently overestimate inorganic chloramine content in swimming pools. Pairwise correlations among the measured volatile DBPs allowed identification of dichloromethylamine and dichloroacetonitrile as potential swimming pool water quality indicator compounds.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0043-1354</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-2448</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.04.035</identifier><identifier>PMID: 19501873</identifier><identifier>CODEN: WATRAG</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Kidlington: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Acetonitriles - analysis ; Air Pollution, Indoor ; Applied sciences ; byproducts ; chloramines ; Chloramines - analysis ; chlorination ; Chlorine ; Chlorine - analysis ; Chlorine Compounds - analysis ; chloroform ; Colorimetry ; Cyanides - analysis ; DBP ; Disinfectants - analysis ; DPD ; Exact sciences and technology ; Hydrocarbons, Brominated - analysis ; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated - analysis ; Mass Spectrometry ; MIMS ; Other industrial wastes. Sewage sludge ; Phenylenediamines - analysis ; Pollution ; public health ; Swimming ; Swimming Pools ; Trihalomethanes - analysis ; Volatile ; volatile compounds ; Volatilization ; Wastes ; Water - chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis ; water quality ; water treatment ; Water treatment and pollution</subject><ispartof>Water research (Oxford), 2009-07, Vol.43 (13), p.3308-3318</ispartof><rights>2009 Elsevier Ltd</rights><rights>2009 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c476t-80ca3ee59bcf764cc8a42cc7f1914bcc75623d3a64c2d649d3337abcd5d17e173</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135409002759$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3537,27901,27902,65306</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=21722627$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19501873$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Weaver, William A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Jing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wen, Yuli</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Johnston, Jessica</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blatchley, Michael R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blatchley, Ernest R.</creatorcontrib><title>Volatile disinfection by-product analysis from chlorinated indoor swimming pools</title><title>Water research (Oxford)</title><addtitle>Water Res</addtitle><description>Chlorination of indoor swimming pools is practiced for disinfection and oxidation of reduced compounds that are introduced to water by swimmers. However, there is growing concern associated with formation for chlorinated disinfection by-products (DBPs) in these settings. Volatile DBPs are of particular concern because they may promote respiratory ailments and other adverse health effects among swimmers and patrons of indoor pool facilities. To examine the scope of this issue, water samples were collected from 11 pools over a 6
month period and analyzed for free chlorine and their volatile DBP content. Eleven volatile DBPs were identified: monochloramine (NH
2Cl), dichloramine (NHCl
2), trichloramine (NCl
3), chloroform (CHCl
3), bromoform (CHBr
3), dichlorobromomethane (CHBrCl
2), dibromochloromethane (CHBr
2Cl), cyanogen chloride (CNCl), cyanogen bromide (CNBr), dichloroacetonitrile (CNCHCl
2), and dichloromethylamine (CH
3NCl
2). Of these 11 DBPs, 10 were identified as regularly occurring, with CHBrCl
2 only appearing sporadically. Pool water samples were analyzed for residual chlorine compounds using the DPD colorimetric method and by membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS). These two methods were chosen as complementary measures of residual chlorine, and to allow for comparisons between the methods. The DPD method was demonstrated to consistently overestimate inorganic chloramine content in swimming pools. Pairwise correlations among the measured volatile DBPs allowed identification of dichloromethylamine and dichloroacetonitrile as potential swimming pool water quality indicator compounds.</description><subject>Acetonitriles - analysis</subject><subject>Air Pollution, Indoor</subject><subject>Applied sciences</subject><subject>byproducts</subject><subject>chloramines</subject><subject>Chloramines - analysis</subject><subject>chlorination</subject><subject>Chlorine</subject><subject>Chlorine - analysis</subject><subject>Chlorine Compounds - analysis</subject><subject>chloroform</subject><subject>Colorimetry</subject><subject>Cyanides - analysis</subject><subject>DBP</subject><subject>Disinfectants - analysis</subject><subject>DPD</subject><subject>Exact sciences and technology</subject><subject>Hydrocarbons, Brominated - analysis</subject><subject>Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated - analysis</subject><subject>Mass Spectrometry</subject><subject>MIMS</subject><subject>Other industrial wastes. Sewage sludge</subject><subject>Phenylenediamines - analysis</subject><subject>Pollution</subject><subject>public health</subject><subject>Swimming</subject><subject>Swimming Pools</subject><subject>Trihalomethanes - analysis</subject><subject>Volatile</subject><subject>volatile compounds</subject><subject>Volatilization</subject><subject>Wastes</subject><subject>Water - chemistry</subject><subject>Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis</subject><subject>water quality</subject><subject>water treatment</subject><subject>Water treatment and pollution</subject><issn>0043-1354</issn><issn>1879-2448</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2009</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkUtv1DAQgC1ERZfCP0CQC9wSxo84yQWpqnhUqlQkKFfLsZ3ilWMvnizV_nu8ygpu9DQjzTcPfUPIKwoNBSrfb5sHvWSHDQMYGhAN8PYJ2dC-G2omRP-UbAAErylvxTl5jrgFAMb48Iyc06GFAvIN-fojBb344Crr0cfJmcWnWI2HepeT3Zul0lGHA3qsppzmyvwMKfuoF2crH21KucIHP88-3le7lAK-IGeTDuhenuIFufv08fvVl_rm9vP11eVNbUQnl7oHo7lz7TCaqZPCmF4LZkw30YGKsSStZNxyXUrMSjFYznmnR2NbSztHO35B3q1zy52_9g4XNXs0LgQdXdqj4qIVTIrHQQayL4qOoFhBkxNidpPaZT_rfFAU1FG52qpVuToqVyBUUV7aXp_m78fZ2X9NJ8cFeHsCNBodpqyj8fiXY7RjTLLj_jcrN-mk9H0uzN03BpSX1RLYQAvxYSVcEfvbu6zQeBeNsz6Xxymb_P9v_QPCMavK</recordid><startdate>20090701</startdate><enddate>20090701</enddate><creator>Weaver, William A.</creator><creator>Li, Jing</creator><creator>Wen, Yuli</creator><creator>Johnston, Jessica</creator><creator>Blatchley, Michael R.</creator><creator>Blatchley, Ernest R.</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QH</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7TV</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>KR7</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20090701</creationdate><title>Volatile disinfection by-product analysis from chlorinated indoor swimming pools</title><author>Weaver, William A. ; Li, Jing ; Wen, Yuli ; Johnston, Jessica ; Blatchley, Michael R. ; Blatchley, Ernest R.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c476t-80ca3ee59bcf764cc8a42cc7f1914bcc75623d3a64c2d649d3337abcd5d17e173</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2009</creationdate><topic>Acetonitriles - analysis</topic><topic>Air Pollution, Indoor</topic><topic>Applied sciences</topic><topic>byproducts</topic><topic>chloramines</topic><topic>Chloramines - analysis</topic><topic>chlorination</topic><topic>Chlorine</topic><topic>Chlorine - analysis</topic><topic>Chlorine Compounds - analysis</topic><topic>chloroform</topic><topic>Colorimetry</topic><topic>Cyanides - analysis</topic><topic>DBP</topic><topic>Disinfectants - analysis</topic><topic>DPD</topic><topic>Exact sciences and technology</topic><topic>Hydrocarbons, Brominated - analysis</topic><topic>Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated - analysis</topic><topic>Mass Spectrometry</topic><topic>MIMS</topic><topic>Other industrial wastes. Sewage sludge</topic><topic>Phenylenediamines - analysis</topic><topic>Pollution</topic><topic>public health</topic><topic>Swimming</topic><topic>Swimming Pools</topic><topic>Trihalomethanes - analysis</topic><topic>Volatile</topic><topic>volatile compounds</topic><topic>Volatilization</topic><topic>Wastes</topic><topic>Water - chemistry</topic><topic>Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis</topic><topic>water quality</topic><topic>water treatment</topic><topic>Water treatment and pollution</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Weaver, William A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Jing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wen, Yuli</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Johnston, Jessica</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blatchley, Michael R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blatchley, Ernest R.</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Aqualine</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Pollution Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Water research (Oxford)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Weaver, William A.</au><au>Li, Jing</au><au>Wen, Yuli</au><au>Johnston, Jessica</au><au>Blatchley, Michael R.</au><au>Blatchley, Ernest R.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Volatile disinfection by-product analysis from chlorinated indoor swimming pools</atitle><jtitle>Water research (Oxford)</jtitle><addtitle>Water Res</addtitle><date>2009-07-01</date><risdate>2009</risdate><volume>43</volume><issue>13</issue><spage>3308</spage><epage>3318</epage><pages>3308-3318</pages><issn>0043-1354</issn><eissn>1879-2448</eissn><coden>WATRAG</coden><abstract>Chlorination of indoor swimming pools is practiced for disinfection and oxidation of reduced compounds that are introduced to water by swimmers. However, there is growing concern associated with formation for chlorinated disinfection by-products (DBPs) in these settings. Volatile DBPs are of particular concern because they may promote respiratory ailments and other adverse health effects among swimmers and patrons of indoor pool facilities. To examine the scope of this issue, water samples were collected from 11 pools over a 6
month period and analyzed for free chlorine and their volatile DBP content. Eleven volatile DBPs were identified: monochloramine (NH
2Cl), dichloramine (NHCl
2), trichloramine (NCl
3), chloroform (CHCl
3), bromoform (CHBr
3), dichlorobromomethane (CHBrCl
2), dibromochloromethane (CHBr
2Cl), cyanogen chloride (CNCl), cyanogen bromide (CNBr), dichloroacetonitrile (CNCHCl
2), and dichloromethylamine (CH
3NCl
2). Of these 11 DBPs, 10 were identified as regularly occurring, with CHBrCl
2 only appearing sporadically. Pool water samples were analyzed for residual chlorine compounds using the DPD colorimetric method and by membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS). These two methods were chosen as complementary measures of residual chlorine, and to allow for comparisons between the methods. The DPD method was demonstrated to consistently overestimate inorganic chloramine content in swimming pools. Pairwise correlations among the measured volatile DBPs allowed identification of dichloromethylamine and dichloroacetonitrile as potential swimming pool water quality indicator compounds.</abstract><cop>Kidlington</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>19501873</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.watres.2009.04.035</doi><tpages>11</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0043-1354 |
| ispartof | Water research (Oxford), 2009-07, Vol.43 (13), p.3308-3318 |
| issn | 0043-1354 1879-2448 |
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| source | MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals |
| subjects | Acetonitriles - analysis Air Pollution, Indoor Applied sciences byproducts chloramines Chloramines - analysis chlorination Chlorine Chlorine - analysis Chlorine Compounds - analysis chloroform Colorimetry Cyanides - analysis DBP Disinfectants - analysis DPD Exact sciences and technology Hydrocarbons, Brominated - analysis Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated - analysis Mass Spectrometry MIMS Other industrial wastes. Sewage sludge Phenylenediamines - analysis Pollution public health Swimming Swimming Pools Trihalomethanes - analysis Volatile volatile compounds Volatilization Wastes Water - chemistry Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis water quality water treatment Water treatment and pollution |
| title | Volatile disinfection by-product analysis from chlorinated indoor swimming pools |
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